Chimerism in Humans

Chimera according to the genome glossary is an organism which possesses cells or tissues with a different genotype. This can be caused due to mutated cells of the host organism or cells from a different organism or species. According to Greek mythology, the original â€Å"Chimera† (pronounced as kih-MEE-ra, and the adjective form â€Å"chimerical† pronounced as kih-MER-ih-cal) was a fire-breathing female monster with the head of a lion, the body of a goat and the hindquarters of a dragon. The terrifying Chimera may have merely been a product of a substandard family environment — her father was the giant Typhon, her mother the half-serpent Echidna. Her siblings were the Cerebrus (the three-headed hound who eventually found work guarding the gates of Hell), Hydra (a nine-headed aquatic monster) and Orthrus (the runt of the litter, a prosaic two-headed dog). As per the mythology, Chimera pounced around making everyone wretched until one day a man named Bellerophon, riding on the winged horse Pegasus slays her. [Author unknown, Chimera, 2004] Though believed to be a mythological epic, it was found that cases of Chimera were actually prevalent in humans when certain intriguing criminal cases erupted. One such case was when a woman has been raped by a man and the women claimed a particular person to be the culprit. However, the crime justice authorities had found it difficult to convict the suspect. It so happened that the DNA taken from his blood sample did not match the DNA of the suspect. However, extensive investigation and the victim’s statements revealed it to be same person being responsible for the crime. When another series of DNA tests were taken from the suspect, this time from his hair sample it was found that the DNA sample perfectly matched. This revealed a breathtaking phenomenon among human genome which has resulted in various problems in the criminal justice system. Those people who have two types of DNA in their body are called chimeras after the mythological creature with a head of lion, body of a goat and a tail of a serpent. These people are sometimes also referred to as mosaics. It has found that these people have two different types of DNA in various parts of their body. Though a rare occurrence, this could have been due to various reasons. [Vladar, 2004] One of the common reasons is that chimeras are formed if developing fraternal twin embryos join together to become one embryo. This is something which is completely opposite of identical twins who are formed when a single embryo splits into two. This occurrence takes place in the very early stages of the embryo development i.e. when it is still in the form of unspecialized cells, so when it develops the baby that is born is healthy but with two types of DNAs. It is also found that fraternal twins don’t have same set of DNA, however, they the two fraternal twin embryos fuse together it results in chimera. Another reason for chimeras to form is when developing fraternal twin share the same blood supply. This usually happens when the twins with different DNA share a placenta in the mother’s womb and cells from their blood mix together. This results in the twins being chimeras based on only their blood as other cells are not affected by the blood supply. Chimeras are also formed through some mistakes or mutations taking place in the division of the cells in the development embryo. This mainly takes place when the cells split into two so that they are able to be formed into more of themselves for the growth of the embryo. It also results in the the doubling up of the DNA by the cells which gets divided between the two new halves. During this process, if something goes wrong, then some new cells result in having different DNA. If this happens in the early stages of the development, then the tissues which are developed from the cells will have different genotype. It is difficult to gauge the exact number of chimeras in the world. We are able to find out whether a person is a chimera or not only when his / her DNA is analysed. This causes varied problems with regards to solving of crime cases and also results in complication with regards to donation of organs. In recent years, exciting results have been found out that a section of genetically incompatible cells may contribute to conditions like infertility, autism and Alzheimer's disease. [Migliore, L et al, 1999] Human chimeraism came into being with advent of blood typing and it was found that some people had more than two types of blood group. Most of the cases of chimeraism are the blood chimeraism i.e. non-identical twins sharing a blood supply in the womb. Twin embryos often share a blood supply in the placenta, allowing blood stem cells to pass from one embryo and settle in the bone marrow of the other, seeding a lasting source of blood. As a result, almost 8% of non-identical twin pairs have chimeric blood. [van Dijk, B A; Boomsma, D I and de Man, A J M, 1996] Apart from those who have chimera due to different blood types, there are even larger numbers of people who have this phenomenon due to carrying smaller numbers of different blood cells that may have passed through the mother and the fetus across the placenta or persist from a blood transfusion. It has also been analysed that the presence of some foreign white blood cells might be the cause for autoimmune diseases wherein the immune system affects the body’s own tissues. [Nelson, J L, 2002] True chimeras are usually identified when they possess male and female cells resulting in the formation of hermaphrodites or any related problem in the person’s sexual organs and their chromosomal sex is identified by their blood test. So the real number of chimeras and mosaics are much more than those that have been identified till date. Unless and until a chimera comes forward to get his blood sampled or has been convicted for a crime, it wouldn’t be possible to know whether he actually is a chimera. This has resulted in further complication in solving some crime justice cases. It has been also analyzed that with the increase in in-vitro fertilization (IVF), there has an increase in the cases of chimeras. To avoid infertility among women, IVF has been quite common in the present day scenario. In this process, two or more embryos are placed in a woman’s uterus so there is an increased success rate. This results in 25% more cases of twin pregnancies than expected. With the increased number of twins, there is likelihood of more cases of chimeras. This was proved by Bonthron who found out that the British hermaphrodite boy who was a chimera was formed by IVF. Strain, L; Dean, J C S; Hamilton, M P R and Bonthron, D T – 1998] According to various tests undertaken along with ultrasound examinations performed on the mother who was carrying the single fetus, the baby that was born had a normal right testis and a semi-developed left testis. An operation was conducted when the child was 15 months old and the surgeons removed â€Å"an abnormal gonad and vas deferens.† Pathology studies later exposed that these were actually an ovary with a fallopian tube attached. Studies revealed that the child's chromosomes had both female (XX) and male (XY) cell lines. This was explained to be that the child was an exceptional case of a true chimera which was a mixture of two embryos from separately fertilized eggs. The other likelihood was that two different sperm had unusually developed into a single mature egg before cell division had taken place. To distinguish between these possibilities, the researchers analyzed DNA near the centromeres of the child's chromosomes, which are involved in cell division. [Author unknown, DNA puzzle of mother ‘made of two women', 2004] Apart from this, the study conducted also revealed that chimerism can occur naturally, resulting in children with vague genitalia, however published data on the phenomenon is very restricted and many XX/XY children may go unnoticed. Even so, the fact that chimerism occurred in a child born following in vitro fertilization should be taken seriously. [Author unknown, 2004 In Vitro Fertilization Results In Chimera, 2004] Considering these above points, it is becoming more and more difficult for the crime justice system to analyze the crime due to the increase in the cases of chimeraism and mosaicism which in turn is increasing with the increase in in-vitro fertilization. The criminals are able to move about freely as their blood samples usually differ from their other DNA samples taken from different parts of the body. It is also becoming difficult for the crime justice system as well as the medical system to analyze the exact number of chimeras as it is very difficult with the increase in mutations.

Rhetorical Analysis of Jfk Inaugural Speech Essay

In early 1961, the United States of America was enduring racial tensions and inequalities on the home-front, as well as waging war against Communism and the Cold War internationally. Chaos and fear had penetrated the minds of the American people because the Cold War was near its pinnacle; the American people longed for a strong, reassuring leader. John F. Kennedy provided that reassurance in his Inaugural Address. Taking the current national and international turmoil into account, Kennedy sought to persuade the Nation’s people to Join in his efforts and unify together in order to achieve peace. The inaugural address is saturated with rhetorical strategies seeking to flatter the American People and utilizes words of encouragement to evoke unification. Kennedy was able to effectively establish a profound kairotic moment at which his discourse can make the most difference or have the most influence. The speech persuades the American people by providing motivating propositions through appeals to ethos, logos and pathos. Kennedys inaugural address plays to an irrefutably persuading rhythm. Strong, motivational verbs are Joined with sophisticated adjectives in a manner that would make the most nane speech capable of swaying an entire population. In order to capture the minds of the American people, Kennedy begins with an antithesis, calling his victory, â€Å"†¦ a celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning†. This statement is to ensure the people that they are embarking in a new era of reform and peace, the end of turmoil, and the beginning of prosperous tranquility. Similar to the Declaration of Independence, Kennedys speech emphasizes the unification of the country through the use of parallelism and Juxtaposition. Kennedy appeals to his udience’s ethos through visions of freedom and American values. He does this through the Juxtaposition of freedom from the tyranny of man and the reliance of God to provide such freedom. By utilizing a quote from Isaiah, â€Å".. to undo heavy burdens and let the oppressed go free†, Kennedy persuades all who listen to pursue freedom because it is both their God given right and their patriotic duty. Kennedy emphasizes his argument for patriotic unification by effectively using anaphora to break his pledges and propositions into segments. The repetition of declarative lements exemplifies his pledge that he will continue to pursue peace and encourage action. He declares, â€Å"to those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free,† and, â€Å"to those peoples in huts and villages across the globe† in order to evokes nationalistic feelings through the appeal to pathos. This pledge of calm persuasiveness exemplifies his stasis of remaining strong and unified amongst the division of tyranny. Kennedys choice of such language caused his audience to find it hard to disagree with such an amiable stance. He stated, â€Å"United, there is little e cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder†. This statement exemplifies the importance of international and national unification. Due to the Cold War, Kennedy is extremely intent on bringing liberty to the world much more than protecting the liberties already present. However, it is evident that there was an underlying fear in his pledge; almost a plea to advisories for union and non violent where disagreeing with him would seem unpatriotic and weak, â€Å"In your hands, my ellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe†. Kennedy chose words such as, â€Å"national loyalty’, in order to evoke an appeal to ethos and logos and â€Å"graves of young Americans† to appeal to their pathos. He points to the resiliency of the United States and the need for the people to continue to support the ideals of freedom that ave seemed forgotten. The people were challenged to â€Å"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty. † Kennedy successfully appeals to the pathos and ethos of the audience in order to establish his views of the inane strength and duty within all Americans. In the conclusion of his speech, Kennedy cleverly positions one of the most memorable quotes of history. While the audience is full of excitement and atriotic duty because of his previous statement calling for strength and faith, he pauses for a moment and states â€Å"And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what you r country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. † This statement attenuates itself to the rhetorical instrument of kairos because the placement and the time in which Kennedy chose to speak the words provided its long lasting impact. The influence of this statement has persuading many Americans to act upon their own stasis and exemplify true freedom and strength for their country.

Adolf Hitler- Outline

HAUWA HARUNA A00013111 Ethics and leadership (PHIL 300) 6th JUNE 2012 My Leader: Outline Background of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th of April 1889 in a small town in Austria called Brannua. He was raised in a broken home and was abused by his father while growing up. Hitler was known to have a keen interest in art and actually applied to an art school in Vienna but was turned down. He later began a career in the military as a messenger to deliver instructions to generals behind enemy lines and return with feed back to commanders.During his time as a corporal, Hitler received awards for bravery several times and was also given the highest military honor in Germany known as the â€Å"iron cross†. After the war, Hitler returned to Germany to begin his rise to power. Thesis Statement Hitler though a very controversial character was able to bring about a lot of prosperity in Germany through his ideals experienced its largest growth sprout, but he is not remembered for any of his positive achievements but his crimes against humanity.Method * Critically examining general accepted leadership qualities in comparison to those displayed by Hitler. * Highlighting key strong points as well as flaws in his leadership style * Gardners Leadership trait model Stamina, Vitality Eagerness to accept responsibility Intelligence, task competence, Understanding follower’s needs Interpersonal skills Capacity to motivate Need for achievement and Self-confidenceFirst Sub-topic Hitler as a master of strategy Second Sub-topic Adolf’s achievements Third Sub-topic Positive contradictions in his leadership style Fourth Sub-topic Negative contradictions in his approach to leading Germany Conclusion Website Links http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/adolf-hitler. htm http://www. nsba. org/sbot/toolkit/LeadQual. html http://www. johndclare. net/Weimar7. htm

Military History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Military History - Research Paper Example Lynn (51) attributes this phenomenon to limited objectives in addition to lack of effective military weapons and hardware. Moreover, the military command structure was uncoordinated or non-existent which made launching a large-scale military operation a formidable challenge. Combination of these factors resulted into limited notable military conflicts until 1793, when French Revolutionary War started in Europe (Cummings, 1). According to Bruce et al (632), monarchs owned armies a situation that restricted military operations to regions under the jurisdiction of the rulers. The size and the objectives of the military depended on the intentions of the rulers and the public was not actively involved in making important decision pertaining to the role of military. In order for frequent military wars to occur, Bruce et al (636) argued that the â€Å"geographical, technological and political factors that make offensive operations less costly and more effective stimulate more intense secur ity competition, which increases the likelihood of wars†. These factors were conspicuously absent or uncoordinated to stimulate military operations. ... spreading across continents and large regional frontiers as evidenced by French Revolution Wars that spread into various continents from the last decade of eighteenth century. Therefore, acquisitions of resources for the existing dynasties rather than ideological pursuits were the major strategic goals of wars in eighteenth century. The French Revolution War that broke in 1789, for instance had been preceded by aggressive territorial expansion of France in Europe (Lynn, 62) Eighteenth century witnessed a striking change in organization of people in the society. Historians consider the century as a period of â€Å"enlightenment†, which saw a paradigm shift in the ways in which people conducted different activities including wars (Cummings, 2). The three elements of enlightenment, which included rationalism, individualism and relativism, became influential factors that defined and determined military aggression (Cummings, 2). The three elements of enlightenment discouraged milit ary aggression because of the subsequent destruction and loss of human lives (Cummings, 2). Therefore, enlightenment promoted pacifism and complete withdrawal from war like activities. Economic interests and individualism played a critical role in defining political considerations of wars during the period. According to Delbruck (33), participation of monarchs, the owners of the armies in trade and other commercial activities discouraged their military organizations from engaging in intense and large-scale battles. The costly nature of wars was against the rulers’ economic interests because military mobilization utilizes substantial financial and human resources in addition to disrupting normal activities in the society (Delbruck, 60). In this regard, it was in the best interests of monarchs to

World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World War II - Essay Example This political philosophy as a doctrine of war was contained in his famous book, On War which was adopted as one of the key literature in the Naval War College, the Air War College, the Army War College. Needless to say, Clausewitz military philosophy is central at the US Military schools that even the Marines philosophical manual which is essentially a distillation of  On War, and the newer Marine Corps Doctrinal Publications contained the philosophical philosophy of Clauswitz about war. Considering this circumstances, and after examination of Patton’s military career, pronouncements as a soldier, Patton indeed subscribed to political school of thought in military philosophy. In addition, Patton went to military school (Virginia Military Institute and United States Military Academy) whose course syllabus and teachings were peppered with the political philosophy of Clausewitz. Above all, US military during the Second World War already adopted the policy that is consistent to Political Doctrine of war that the military and its war, is an instrument of the state as it advances or protect its national interest. The doctrine holds that war and its soldier is subordinate to the state. It is a rational instrument of a government as it expresses its national policy. According to this doctrine, wars are being waged by state to achieve certain goals and objectives as it advance or protect its interest. This military doctrine holds that war is not to be waged for the sake of waging war or out of vain grandiosity but as an act of self-defense, assertion of national interest or both. Unlike the other military philosophy that viewed war as a bane and a source of misery, such as the cataclysmic philosophy, the political doctrine of war does not necessarily view as intrinsically evil, but rather a rational instrument that a state must be capable of. Consistent with this, political doctrine also presuppose that to become an effective state instrument, costs of war

The trial of Saddam Hussein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The trial of Saddam Hussein - Essay Example According to Michael Sharf, the Saddam Hussein trial can be classed as one of the most important cases in international law because (a) the scale of atrocities was high (b) Hussein was a top ranking leader (c) interest of the international community due to the coalition led against Iraq (d) sets a legal precedent for international crimes and (e) effect of the trial and whether it was perceived as fair.1 While Saddam Hussein was guilty of heinous offences against his countrymen, nevertheless, the question of whether or not his trial was fair and whether any substantive human rights issues were raised is a legitimate one, in the interest of future trend sin international criminal law. The basic premise that underlies human rights law is the fact that they are universal2, and therefore transcend social, cultural and political barriers and differences3. An international crime cannot be left within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national authority that would normally exercise control o ver such instances4 since international crimes may implicate those in positions of power and authority in the local Government. War crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity5, torture and aggression are all included under international crimes and international criminal law is the law that governs such crimes.6 The International criminal Court which came into being in 2002, has jurisdiction over nationals for crimes occurring on the territory of all states that have ratified the Rome Statute.

SPEECH ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SPEECH - Assignment Example So without informing the new intern, you decide to send out an evaluation form for coworkers to complete and then provide the intern with the results. Your behavior in this scenario is Hans and Frans are coworkers. Hans needs a new printer, and goes to Frans, who handles equipment requisitions. Frans says he will need to fill out a form and wait for the supply order to be processed, which will take about 4 weeks. Hans would like to simply go to a store to buy a printer, and be reimbursed. b. I feel frustrated when you leave for work and don’t put your dishes in the dishwasher, because then I have to do it. I’d like you to make sure you put your dishes in the dishwasher before you leave in the morning. 21. Marc and Stacy are on a committee that has been given the task of planning a large event. Marc has a tendency to state his opinion in tentative ways, saying things like â€Å"I think a buffet might work better† and â€Å"Well, I’m not sure, but we’ll probably get a better turn-out if we hold it at 7 pm rather than 5pm. On the other hand, Stacy tends to make declarations like â€Å"Everyone knows that buffets are tacky,† and â€Å"We need to catch the after-work crowd so the event needs to start at 5 pm.† Which of the following dimensions of defensive vs. supportive climates do their styles BEST reflect? 25. Brian and Subrina have been having relational conflicts over her financial behavior and debt. During a heated discussion about her inability to cover her half of the bills for the month, she blurts out â€Å"Why don’t you just leave me if I am so irresponsible?† Brian replies, â€Å"You are awesome at so many things. This is just a small and fixable problem that we both would benefit from working on.† His response would BEST be described as: 27. Aaron and Jose share an office and have clashed several times over the volume of music that Aaron plays while working. Because

Defining The Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining The Self - Essay Example Modernity has, however proved that the human mind is capable of so much more. While I am a full time student, I have managed to take up two jobs as well. While in today’s world that is not a wonder, in the 17th and 18th century, it was unfathomable that one could take up two or more mentally and physically engaging tasks at once. This illustrates that the mind has so many capabilities; most of which humanity is not even aware of at this time. The abilities and endeavors that human beings will pursue in the distant future have not been comprehended in the current time. Kant is also in support of Hume’s assertion that they are not â€Å"unshakeable truths.† The beliefs that human beings live by in actuality do not have an explanation. Once someone asked me why I believe that stealing is wrong. I found myself fumbling with the answer. In actual sense, I have acknowledged that the only reasons I believe this is because firstly, my religion states it and secondly, those before me instilled it in me. However, none of the reasons laid out above are logically strong or supported. Therefore, Kant was right in stating that there is no evidence of the existence of â€Å"certain truths†; we have created them within our minds. John Locke shared Kant’s line of thought (the latter) but modified it. His focus was not more on the lack of existence of unshakeable truths, but rather on lack in existence of innate facts (Caruth, 31). The existence of God is one that has caused controversy in the literary world. If there were such a thing as innate facts, the existence of a supreme being ought to be one of them. This is because it is a belief that a larger majority of the world shares. If indeed there is a supreme being, it ought to be an innate (inborn) fact, as he is the creator of everything, including human beings. However, as a child, I had to attend Bible studies and learning sessions to completely understand the concept of God as well as what

Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Trusts, Gift Tax, and Estate Essay

Tax-Planning Client Letter on Irrevocable Trusts, Gift Tax, and Estate Tax - Essay Example The first thing you need to know is that irrevocable trusts are treated as independent legal entities that own their assets. It is also important to know that in the course of establishing an irrevocable trust is likely involve unexpected tax consequences. Some of the tax consequences are likely to be unfavorable. Since you would like the income from the trust to be paid to your two grandchildren for 20 years, such payment would be accompanied by income tax. In this regard, you will need to complete Form 1041 and file it to report the trust income. This would be required if the trust earns over $600 in the course of tax year. Nevertheless, the income from the irrevocable trusts would be taxed in the same approach as individuals. You, as the trustee, will also be required to file and deliver copies of Schedule K-1 to each of the two grandchildren, who are the beneficiaries, in their first distribution during the tax year (Clausen, Givner, Kavagh, kaye, & Kinyan, 2014 ). There is also the issue of gift tax. In this regard, the transfer of your assets to the irrevocable trust is accompanied by gift tax liability. The only exclusion is a case of $13,000 per annum on each of the beneficiaries. If the gift exceeds $13,000, it is subjected a maximum tax rate of 35%. In such a case, you would be required to file the gift tax by filing Form 709.This would however be necessary if you owe the gift tax. It is important to note that your grandchildren, as the beneficiaries, will not be liable for the gift tax (Clausen, Givner, Kavagh, kaye, & Kinyan, 2014 ). Another case of possible tax liability is estate tax. Estate tax would be imposed after your death. This will be done on the portion of your estate that surpasses the gift tax exclusions in the same year of your death. Your executor after then would be required to file Form

Business Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Proposal - Essay Example Operating as an acquirer, PayPal processes payment for commercial users at a fee before transferring the money to the other party whom it further charges yet another fee. The receiver of the money gets it in a preferred currency including respective local currencies after converting at the prevailing market rates as determined by the foreign exchange rates. This report introduces the service into the market. In doing this, the report analyses the potential market and the probability for profitability. The product introduction is the basic marketing procedures that involve market determination. This requires effective consideration of the opportunities and threats presented by the market and the strengths and weaknesses of the product that the marketer must consider before positioning the product. The market that the service target is an oligopoly implying that it has various firms offering similar services; the new product will therefore face intense competition from the existing companies. However, the various companies have a marginal control of the market thereby creating room enough for the growth of the new player. With effective marketing, the new service will possibly claim a share of the market and even become a monopoly. This will rely on the marketing features employed by the marketers both at introduction and in subsequent marketing operations. E-commerce is real time and it required a competitive payment system that would match the transactions carried out. In essence, the payment systems needed to be instant. This is a feature, which was yet to be realized. PayPal thus positions itself as the only intermediary capable of processing and availing the money to the appropriate parties within the time that transactions are made. The demand for online payment solutions has increased with the advent of electronic commerce. Most companies currently have websites and support electronic transfer of goods and

Goal of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goal of Education - Essay Example No parent would against his or her children’s education. There is no child who does not hate his school and yet would not want to be deprived of one either. So the question here is why is education so desirable? When asked in a survey, most people said that education, for them, is a way to make money. Parents who struggle hard for their kids’ education do so in hope of a financially brighter future and an upward mobility. Children who spend all their childhood and adolescence period in studying do so, in order to attain a social standing, where they can enjoy better standard of life. Thus, education is merely a way to become rich and make money (Eames, 1977). As simple as the statement sounds, there are a few loopholes in the argument. First, if education is the best possible way to earn money as proven by its popularity, then why do facts show that the richest people on the planet are either illiterate or high school dropouts? Bill Gates, who dropped out of high school, remained the â€Å"richest man of the world for ten consecutive years† (Dewey, 1998). Secondly, history shows that the system of education was not invented to help people make more money (Dewey, 1998). The idea of education leading to upward financial mobility emerged at the onset of capitalism when all processes and social phenomenon were commodified in order for powerful to outdo the powerless, which is principally the Marxist perspective on capitalism. One now asks, if it is possible to become as rich as anyone can without going to school and the process does not even accredit its alleged purpose, then why bother. What is the ultimate edge that an educated man has over the uneducated one? The answer lies in the quote of Dr. Martin Luther King, "The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education" (Warren, 2001, 27). Education, in its true essence is

Debate on Genetically Modified Food Essay Example for Free

Debate on Genetically Modified Food Essay For millions of years, the world has evolved and developed, by selective breeding to adapt into the society, which it is today. Natural adaptations and changes have occurred in various species of plants and animals, which even modern scientists cannot explain. Our world has survived for well forever, without genetically enhanced produce, so why should it invade humanity now, just because we can? Many scientists, who are in favour of GM foods, claim that it is simply the next step on from selective breeding; however they seem to have overlooked one difference. Genetic modification of anything requires the introduction of alien genes into a species, to modify it and this is certainly not a natural process. For example, GM Soya has been modified using genes that will make it resistant to certain herbicides, such as roundup. Although this may seem like a good thing on the surface, what happens when the pollen from these GM foods is passed on to native species? Aspects like this seem to have been overlooked. It is also a worry, because genetic engineering can be very unpredictable and the damaging effects of GM foods irreversible; if left unconfined it could get out of control. It is possible to end up creating harmful characteristics such as toxins unawares. This doesnt necessarily condemn GMOs but it proves the unpredictability of genetic manipulation. The establishment for GM foods is keen to cover up any findings, which may turn people against GM foods, (possibly due to the huge profits involved). One particular scientist, in a report from the Rowett Research Institute, had been independently researching the effects of GM potatoes on rats. What his studies found was that they had a detrimental effect on the immune system and the growth of the rats. However when the establishment found this out, this man was reduced from being a well-respected researcher to a mad cap scientist. Although it is agreed that genetically modifying grain to include beta-carotene (vitamin C) may aid hunger and poor eyesight problems in third world countries, there is a large-scale scandal going on among large biotech companies, who want to increase their already large profits. GM food production, gives larger firms a loop hole in which they are able to abuse the power of modifying these crops to their own specification. Recently, there have been reports that these companies have developed doomsday seeds, which they want to sell onto the world market particularly the struggling third world. These seeds have been genetically modified, so that once they have grown, the seeds they produce will genetically destroy themselves. These seeds may be an excellent money-spinner for the firms who sell them, but surely it is morally and ethically wrong to sell such seeds to poor and starving countries? The companies also have the added leverage over other seed producers because they are able to genetically modify their plants to grow faster and thus their seeds are cheaper than others. These people in the third world will eventually be forced into a downward spiral of having to buy new crops every year, because they are unable to afford the more expensive normal seeds. And what would happen if these genes happened to escape into the environment? GM genes may spread into wild populations with unpredictable and potentially harmful consequences; In this case, they may even cause crops to produce sterile seeds, which could have an adverse effect on the ecosystem. If we are to have confidence in GM foods, then larger businesses should be kept out of research. The way GM foods are being exploited by powerful corporations is a threat to democracy. These crops are unsustainable in light of longer-term plans and the great majority of the GM market is focussed more on profit rather than improving our diet. Insufficient testing has taken place to ensure their safety for public consumption. Research should be carried out independently, to assess whether such foods would be a benefit to our society and the effects it will have on the eco-system. Only then should they be allowed onto the market.

How Do Water Boilers Work Environmental Sciences Essay

How Do Water Boilers Work Environmental Sciences Essay A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other liquid is heated in order to generate steam or vapor which is then used for other external processes. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. When water is boiled into steam, its volume increases about 1600 times, generating a force that is very explosive. This can be achieved by combustion of wood, natural gas, coal or oil. Electric steam boilers on the other hand use resistance to produce the required heat. The chemical energy from any of these external fuel sources is converted into heat which is then transferred to the water through radiation which is the transfer of heat from a hot body to a cold body without a conveying medium, conduction which involves the transfer of heat by actual physical contact and by convection, the transfer of heat by a conveying medium like air or water (EuropeanCommission, 2006). Since the development of the first boilers in the 18th century, boilers have evolved so as to increase their efficiency and low-cost design as well as pay more attention to air pollutant emissions like carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. These types of emissions depend on the type of fuel used and the load factor of the boiler. The power of a boiler is determined by the required steam mass flow rate, temperature and pressure. The amount of input fuel required depends on the fuel energy content and on the overall energy efficiency. A boilers performance is characterized by its steam pressure and temperature. Saturated steam is steam at boiling temperature for a given pressure, which is what most boilers produce and make use of. If more heat is supplied and the steam pressure rises above the saturation temperature at a given pressure, then the steam becomes superheated steam. This kind of steam though at a higher temperature, can decrease the efficiency of the steam generating plant . If more heat is supplied to the superheated steam, it becomes supercritical steam which can be used in power generation (USEPA, 2004). A closed boiler is one in which all the steam generated is returned to the vessel in form of water and is reused while an open boiler is one that does not return water to the original vessel. The boiler system comprises of three major parts which are: the feed water system, the steam system and the fuel system. The feed system supplies water to the boiler and regulates it to meet the systems demands. The steam system is responsible for collection and control of the steam produced in the boiler. This system is regulated and checked using pressure gauges and is directed to the point of use through an efficient piping system. The fuel system includes all the equipment used to generate the required heat which is dependent on the type of fuel used in the system (Hartford, 1911). There are three basic types of boilers which are used for industrial uses. These are the fire tube, the water tube and the fire box boilers. In the fire tube boilers, heat passes through the tubes which are surrounded by the water being heated. These tubes are arranged in banks so that the heat produced can pass through the vessel many times before escaping. Fire tube boilers are relatively small in size compared to the other type of boilers. In water tube boilers, heat is made to pass through the tubes which contain the water. These tubes are then interconnected to a steam outlet for distribution to the plant system. These types of boilers are the most commonly used because they are larger in size and can therefore withstand greater pressures and temperatures, though their initial and maintenance costs are higher. In a fire box boiler, the hot gases from the fire box which is the space where the fuel is burned are channeled into the tubes where they heat the water. Water is supplied to the boiler from the boiler feed water plant also known as the demineralizer plant. The demineralizer removes all salts present in the water by removal of hydrogen ions which are replaced with sulphuric acid. This water should be free of any foreign materials that could cause harm to the boiler and also decrease its performance. Some of these harmful substances include oxygen, positively charged ions of calcium, aluminum, sodium and zinc. There are also other negatively charged ions like carbonates, bicarbonates, silica and fluorides which could harm the boiler efficiency. The removal of oxygen is usually done in the de-aerator located after the ion exchanger. The de-aeration of the condensate returning from the process ensures that the water is free of oxygen bubbles that may inhibit heat transfer. In de-aeration, the dissolved gases are removed by preheating the feed water before it is allowed to enter the boiler. The removal of these gases is very important to the boiler equipment longevity as well as safety of operation. De-aeration can be done by chemical de-aeration, mechanical de-aeration or both. The chemical treatment is used to remove harmful substances that could cause build up in the heat transfer equipment. The economizer is used to preheat the water entering the boiler. This helps reduce fuel cost making the boiler more efficient (Shields, 1961). The water vessel in a boiler is connected to the heat source by metal rods which heat the water and convert it to steam. The steam is allowed to collect in the dome before exiting the boiler. The function of the dome is to force the steam to become highly condensed in order for it to exit the boiler with a large amount of pressure. A boiler also contains a drain which removes impurities from the water vessel and a chimney to allow heat to escape once it has passed the water vessel. It is vital for all boilers to have safety valves in order to allow excess steam to be released in order to prevent explosions. The heart of a boiler is a pressure vessel which is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure. This pressure vessel is usually made of steel or wrought iron. This pressure is obtained from an indirect source or from the application of heat from a direct or indirect source. If not properly maintained, boilers can be a source of serious injuries and can lead to huge losses in form of property destruction. Thin and brittle metals that make up some parts of the boiler could rapture or poorly welded seams could open up leading to violent eruptions of the pressurized steam. Collapsed boiler tubes could also spray the hot steam they contain into the air injuring the around (Reeves, 2001). Even with the best pretreatment programs, boiler feed water often contain some degree of impurities which normally accumulate in the boiler. The increasing accumulation of dissolved solids may lead to carry over of boiler water into the steam which may cause damage to the piping system as well as the process equipment. These suspended solids could also lead to the formation of sludge which will lead to a reduction of the boiler efficiency as well as it s heat transfer capability. In order to avoid these problems, water should often be discharged from the boiler in order to control the concentrations of the suspended and dissolved solids in the boiler. Discharging of the surface water is usually done in order to get rid of the dissolved solids while the discharging of bottom water is done in order to remove the sludge from the bottom of the boiler. Boiler blow down i.e. discharge of water from the boiler is a very important aspect of the boiler maintenance. Lack of proper blow down can lead to increased fuel consumption, extra chemical treatments for the boiler as well as increased heat loss. Also, since the blow down water has the same temperature as the boiler water, it can be reused in the boiler operations once removed. However, excessive blow down can lead to wastage of water, energy and treatment. The two major types of boiler blow downs are intermittent and continuous blow down. Intermittent blow down is done by manually fitting a valve at the bottom of the boiler which is removes the unwanted parameters. It requires large short-term increases in the amount of feed water put into the boiler which leads to a substantial amount of heat energy being lost. Alternatively, continuous blow down involves the steady and constant dispatch of small stream of concentrated boiling water being replaced with steady and constant inflow of feed water. The various energy efficiency opportunities in a boiler system can be related to combustion, heat transfer, water quality, avoidable losses and blow down. To maximize a boilers efficiency, the stack temperature should be designed to be as low as possible. Nevertheless, it should not be very low such that water vapor in the exhaust condenses on the stack walls. Automatic blow down controls that sense and respond to the boiler water conductivity and pH should be installed in order to reduce uncontrolled continuous blow down. In oil and coal fired boilers, soot should be removed as it acts as an insulator against heat transfer.

Finding G Using Simple Pendulum Experiment

Finding G Using Simple Pendulum Experiment Abstract This report shows how to find an approximate of ‘g’ using the simple pendulum experiment. There are many variables we could see into, some of them are displacement, angle, damping, mass of the bob and more. However the most interesting variable is, the length of the swinging pendulum. The relationship between the length and the time for one swing (the period) has been researched for many years, and has allowed the famous physicists like Isaac Newton and Galileo Galilei to get an accurate value for the gravitational acceleration ‘g’. In this report, we will replicate their experiment, and will find an accurate value for ‘g’. Finally it will be compared with the commonly accepted value of 9.806 m/s2 . Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. i List of figures tables and graphs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. iii List of Symbols †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iii Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Equipment and method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Data Collected †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Conclusion and Evaluation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Futher Imporvements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 List of figures, Tables and Graphs Figure 1 Set up of simple pendulum experiment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Table 1 – Data for the time of 10 swings and length of string †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Table 2 – Data for average time, % Uncertainty, and length †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Table 3 – Data for T2, % Uncertainty, Absolute uncertainty, Length †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Graph 1 – Period against Length †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Graph 2 – T2 against length †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 List of Symbols Introduction A simple pendulum performs simple harmonic motion, i.e its periodic motion is defined by an acceleration that is proportional to its displacement and directed towards the Centre of motion. Equation 1 shows that the period T of the swinging pendulum is proportional to the square root of the length l of the pendulum: With T the period in seconds, l the length in metres and g the gravitational acceleration in m/s2. Our raw data should give us a square-root relationship between the period and the length. Furthermore, to find an accurate value for ‘g’, we will also graph T2 versus the length (l) of the pendulum. This way, we will be able to obtain a straight-line graph, with a gradient equal to 4Ï€2g-1 . Equipment and Method For this investigation, limited resources like, clamps, stands, a metre ruler, a stopwatch, a metal ball (bob), and some string were used. The experimental set-up was equal to the diagram, shown in figure 1. In this investigation, the length of the pendulum was varied (our independent variable) to observe a change in the period (our dependent variable). In order to reduce possible random errors in the time measurements, we repeated the measurement of the period three times for each of the ten lengths. We also measured the time for ten successive swings to further reduce the errors. The length of our original pendulum was set at 100 cm and for each of the following measurements, we reduced the length by 10 cm. Figure 1 As stated earlier, it was decided to measure the time for ten complete swings, in order to reduce the random errors. These measurements would be repeated two more times, and in total ten successive lengths were used, starting from one metre, and decreasing by 10 cm for each following measurement. A metre ruler was used to determine the length of the string. One added difficulty in determining the length of the pendulum was the relative big uncertainty in finding the exact length, since the metal bob added less than a centimeter to our string length, measured from the bob’s centre. This resulted in an uncertainty in length that was higher than one would normally expect. The table clamp was used to secure the position of the tripod stand, while the pendulum was swinging. After the required measurements, one experiment was carried out to find the degree of damping in our set-up. Damping always occurs when there is friction, but exactly how significant the degree of damping in our experimental set-up was, remained uncertain. Depending on the degree of damping, it may or may not have a significant effect on our measurements. All measurements were taken under the same conditions, using the same metal bob, the same ruler, in the same room, and at approximately 26 degrees Celsius. Data Collected Table 1 In table 1 the  ±o.46 sec uncertainty in time was obtained by comparing the spread for the different measurements. The time measurement for the 0.50 metre length, had the largest spread ( ±0.4 seconds), and was therefore used as the uncertainty in the time measurement. In table 1 the theoretical uncertainty in the length measurement would be 0.05 cm (a metre ruler was used). However, in the experimental set-up, the two end points (the one tied to the clamp, and the one tied to the metal bob) gave rise to a bigger uncertainty, as the exact end-points could not be precisely determined. We estimated the uncertainty in length to be 0.5 cm, or 0.005 metres. These data in table 1 need to be processed, before we can continue our analysis. First of all, the average of the three trials need to be found, which will reduce our error. Secondly, the time for one swing (or one period) must be found, which will reduce our absolute error, but not our percentage error. It should also be noted, that for all the measurements, a constant, and small, angle of maximum displacement (amplitude) was used. The angle was kept between 5 ° to 7 °, small enough to ignore the friction present in our experimental set-up. Apart from these measurements, one more experiment was done to see how much damping was present in our set-up. It took, on average, between 100 and 150 swings, before the motion had seemed to stop. This showed that there was damping present, but this did not significantly affect the measurement of just ten swings. Table 2 shows the processed data and the uncertainties. While drawing the graph for the data in table 2, the relationship between the variables used is clearly not a linear one. The suggested square-root relationship shows it, and to linearise this curve, it must be interchanged and the axis must be modified. (the graph is shown in Graph 1) Table 3 Based on the theory of Simple Harmonic Motion and equation 1, it should be a linear relationship between T2 and Length. When graphing these two modified variables, the regression line must be linear, passing through point (0,0) and with a gradient equal, or close to 4Ï€2g-1 . Graph 2 Conclusion and Evaluation Graphing the length against T2 clearly shows a linear relationship, in agreement with the theory. The actual line of best fit does not go through (0,0) which suggests a systematic error in our experiment. But when graphing a line of best fit, with the condition it should pass through (0,0), we find a line with a gradient of 4.128 and a correlation coefficient of 0.993, which further suggests a very strong linear correlation between our chosen variables. The value for ‘g’ can be calculated by dividing 4Ï€2 with the gradient of the line of best fit; The uncertainty in this value was found, by taking half the difference of the lowest possible value for ‘g’ and the highest possible value for ‘g’: Comparing our calculated value for the gravitational acceleration ‘g’ with the accepted theoretical value gives us an error of 2.5%, well within the error margins that we calculated. This is a reasonable result, given the equipment and the time constraints that we faced. Looking at our graph, we cannot identify any outliers. However, our data values suggest a line of best fit that does not pass through (0,0). When we do fit a linear regression onto our data values, that passes (0,0), we see that the line does not ‘hit’ all the horizontal error bars (the uncertainty in the length). This may suggest a systematic error in the measurement of the length of our pendulum. Further Improvements To reduce the systematic error in the length measurements, one should take accurate measurements of the diameter of the metal bob used. In this experiment, it looks as if we systematically used a length for the pendulum that was too short. If 1 cm was added to our data, we would get a value for ‘g’ that is equal to the theoretical value of 9.806 m/s2 . The theoretical value used, is the average value for ‘g’ on Earth, and may be slightly different from the one that was measured. Instead of three measurements, taking five measurements would be better, as it would not take too much extra time, and this would further reduce our uncertainty in the measurement of the period of swing. Alternatively, measuring the time for 20 swings, instead of 10 swings, would also reduce the uncertainty in time. Lastly, a photogate could be used in the future, to measure the period with higher precision. A nice extension to this experiment would be the use of different metal bobs, of different diameter and/or mass. This would allow us to calculate the effect of air resistance on this experiment. References http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?gn http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Experiment_480.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion#Mass_on_a_spring http://www.phys.utk.edu/labs /simplependulum.pdf

Reversal of Paralysis :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Reversal of Paralysis This semester we learned about the paralysis of Christopher Reeves. In thinking about his condition, I began to wonder where researchers stood in their attempt to cure paralysis. Paralysis was often considered to be completely irreversible. However, I found that the last ten years have brought huge advances in our understanding of the nervous system and spinal cord injury. Even though paralysis due to spinal cord injury is still, for the most part, permanent, several drugs and techniques show promise in reversing the effects of paralysis. In order to understand the difficulties of curing paralysis, we must first understand the nature of spinal cord injury. When the spinal cord is injured due to trauma, there is localized death of the nerve cells. (1) The initial injury is only the beginning of the cell death. In the hours, days, and weeks following the injury, nerve cells continue to die above and below the original wound. When the area begins to heal, scar tissue, fluid-filled cysts, and cavities occupy an area where the tissue was once healthy. (4) Many of the nerve fibers at the injured area actually separate into two pieces. The part of the fiber that is torn from the soma dies within 48-72 hours. This part does not regenerate, and cell/cell communication is lost below this point. Some cells, on the other hand, remain intact, but lose their myelin. Myelin is a fatty substance that is necessary to conduct electrical signals along the axon. "[It] increases the speed of transmission of signals from one nerve cell to the next, and without myelin the signal may deteriorate so much that it does not reach its target at all." (2) It is entirely possible that the nerve cells and their axons may survive the trauma, but paralysis still occurs because of the destruction of the myelin sheath. In order to reverse the effects of the spinal cord injury, the patient must receive treatment depending on which damage category their injury falls into. Methylprednisolone is the first drug which was proven to control spinal cord damage in humans. It is unclear exactly how methylprednisolone works, but it is thought to reduce inflammation, the release of glutamate, and the accumulation of free radicals. Immediately after trauma to the spinal cord, tiny hemorrhages appear due to blood vessel damage. The resultant swelling inhibits the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the nerve cells, causing them to die.

I will be analysing the 5 tasks given in the booklet, in this analysis I :: Computer Science

I will be analysing the 5 tasks given in the booklet, in this analysis I will describe the problems given by the school, how I will solve the problem and with what software I will solve the problem. Analysis I will be analysing the 5 tasks given in the booklet, in this analysis I will describe the problems given by the school, how I will solve the problem and with what software I will solve the problem. I will analyse the tasks in the order they where placed in the booklet. Task 1 Programme of events This is the first task and this task is to design a programme of events. Problem: The problem is to design a programme of events. The programme has to be a four-page A5 booklet. On the first page there should be the school crest, two photographs of the school, the day and date of the sport day and the title "Sports Day 2002". We have to produce two A4 sheets that we can use as masters for the inside and outside of the programme. On the middle page we need a list of events with the times of the events added. The events will be in order of times and there will only be track events because the field events would have been done earlier. On the back page I will have a half-page advert from this years sports day sponsors 'Helmcroft Hall'. The size of the advert can be changed to suit the page layout. There should also be a list of last year's record breakers. The list of last year's record breakers and the events should have straight left edge columns with bold heading. The heading for list of events is 'Programme of Events' and for the list of record breakers 'Record sets in 2001'. Solution: To solve the problem my programme of events must it be clear and easy to use. I will design the programme of events on Microsoft Word because it is a word program so it is easy to add and remove text also pictures and images. Another program that can be used is Microsoft Publisher. It might actually be easier to design the programme of events on publisher because Microsoft Publisher was designed for these kinds of tasks. Task 2 Recording Sheets This is the second task and in this task I must design a form of search and two sample-recording sheets for two separate sports activities. Problem:There are three minor projects that make up this task. The first is to design two sample-recording sheets on two separate sports. The second is to design some form of a search to make it easier for

Seven Sisters of India

Seven Sister States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the book by Aglaja Stirn and Peter Van Ham, see The Seven Sisters of India. The Seven Sister States of India The Seven Sister States are a region in northeastern India, comprising the contiguous states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura. The region had a population of 38. 6 million in 2000, about 3. 8 percent of India's total. There is great ethnic and religious diversity within the seven states. For most of their history, they were independent, and their complete integration with India came about only during the British Raj. Most of the seven sister states are on the Eurasian Plate. (Excluding Southwest Meghalaya and the extreme west of Assam) [1] Contents[hide] * 1 The Seven States * 2 History * 3 Ethnic and religious composition * 4 Natural resources * 5 Interdependence * 6 Origin of the sobriquet * 7 See also * 8 References * 9 External links | [edit] The Seven States State| Capital| Arunachal Pradesh| Itanagar| Assam| Dispur| Manipur| Imphal| Meghalaya| Shillong| Mizoram| Aizawl| Nagaland| Kohima| Tripura| Agartala| [edit] History When India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947, only three states covered the area. Manipur and Tripura were princely states, while a much larger Assam Province was under direct British rule. Its capital was Dispur. Four new states were carved out of the original territory of Assam in the decades following independence, in line with the policy of the Indian government of reorganizing the states along ethnic and linguistic lines. Accordingly, Nagaland became a separate state in 1963, followed by Meghalaya in 1972. Mizoram became a Union Territory in 1972, and achieved statehood – along with Arunachal Pradesh – in 1987. [edit] Ethnic and religious composition Except for Assam, where the major languages are Assamese and Bengali, and Tripura, where the major language is Bengali, the region has a predominantly tribal population that speak numerous Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic languages. Hinduism and Christianity are the predominant religions in this region. The proliferation of Christianity among the Seven Sister States sets it apart from the rest of India. The work of Christian missionaries in the area has led to large scale conversion of the tribal population. Christians now comprise the majority of the population in Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya and sizeable minority in Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. The bigger states of Assam and Tripura, however, have remained predominantly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim minority in Assam. [edit] Natural resources Main industries in the region are tea-based, crude oil and natural gas, silk, bamboo and handicrafts. The states are heavily forested and have plentiful rainfall. There are beautiful wildlife sanctuaries, tea-estates and mighty rivers like Brahmaputra. The region is home to one-horned rhinoceros, elephants and other endangered wildlife. For security reasons, including inter-tribal tensions, widespread insurgencies, and disputed borders with neighbouring China, there are restrictions on foreigners visiting the area, hampering the development of the potentially profitable tourism industry. edit] Interdependence The landlocked Northeastern region of the country comprises seven separate states whose geographical and practical needs of development underscore their need to thrive and work together. A compact geographical unit, the Northeast is isolated from the rest of India except through the Siliguri Corridor, a slender and vulnerable corridor, flanked by alien territories. Assam is the gateway through which the sister states are connected to the mainland. Tripura, a virtual enclave almost surrounded by Bangladesh, strongly depends on Assam. Nagaland, Meghalaya and Arunachal depend on Assam for their internal communications. Manipur and Mizoram's contacts with the main body of India are through Assam's Barak Valley. Raw material requirements also make the states mutually dependent. All rivers in Assam's plains originate in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and western Meghalaya. Manipur's rivers have their sources in Nagaland and Mizoram; the hills also have rich mineral and forest resources. Petroleum is found in the plains. The plains depend on the hills also on vital questions like flood control. A correct strategy to control floods in the plains calls for soil conservation and afforestation in the hills. The hills depend on the plains for markets for their produce. They depend on the plains even for food grains because of limited cultivable land in the hills. To provide a forum for collaboration towards common objectives, the Indian government established the North Eastern Council in 1971. Each state is represented by its Governor and Chief Minister. The Council has enabled the Seven Sister States to work together on numerous matters, including the provision of educational facilities and electric supplies to the region. [edit] Origin of the sobriquet The sobriquet, the Land of Seven Sisters, had been originally coined, coinciding with the inauguration of the new states in January, 1972, by Jyoti Prasad Saikia, a journalist in Tripura in course of a radio talk. Saikia later compiled a book on the interdependence and commonness of the Seven Sister States, and named it the Land of Seven Sisters. It has been primarily because of this publication that the sobriquet has caught on.

The Fourth Alarm W

In John Speeches short story, The stern appal, the fibber is perplexed by the new-made actions of his rebellious wife. She quit her job, par haves as a nude actor in an nonprofessional th feedre, and refuses to listen to her male chauvinist husband. The narrators wifes abandonment of the Apollonian for the Dionysian serves as a newfangled day Adam and even that, quite of questioning the sinful nature of man, questions the tralatitious male- maidenly roles in confederation.According to Biblical tradition, Adam and Eve lived prosperously in an orderly, Apollonian garden -? Eden. However, in one case Eve strays from this order and eats the apple of knowledge (while tempting Adam to eat it as well), they both become impair with original sin. Adam and Eves r elimination of tradition, as symbolized by eating the forbidden fruit, results in their ejection from the Garden of Eden and into a more chaotic future. As Eve jilted the Apollonian in an attraction to the Dionysian, t he narrators wife rejected her traditional role of mother and instructor and embraced the Dionysian traits of nudity, disorder, and orgy.She disobeys her masculine husband and tempts him to take off his clothes get dislodge of his attach, wal allow, and keys and embrace sexual equality. In essence, she is mark off what the narrator considers his identity, l held my valuables in my right hand, my literal identification (success 196). hostile Adam and Eve, which primary subject depend is original sin, The Fourth Alarm delves into the feminine break from social subjugation. Achiever does non demonic the narrators wife as the discussion demotions Eve. He instead focuses on the husbands answer to his wifes embracement of a sexual equality that challenges male-female social roles.The narrator, spite striping, can not let go of his worldly possessions that represent his masculinity. He is comforted by tradition and wishes his wife would be more nostalgic and eager of the old gend er roles like he is. Achiever s portrayal of the narrator and his difficulty in accepting dislodge illustrates society difficulty in release traditional female subjugation and base towards gender equality. The underlying question Achiever asks the reader in the Fourth Alarm is if we are ready to accept change, to enjoin down tradition, and to progress to a society marked by equality where the masculine and feminine are equals.

Group Influence Essay

A convention is a combination of more(prenominal) than matchless soulfulness sharing nigh values, beliefs, or a set of behaviors. galore(postnominal) another(prenominal)(prenominal) individuals together sharing a green coating or need is a root of people. People in a group sharing these common things pass to have interdependent behaviors. from each unriv solelyed of the members of a group captivates the behavior of another. Individuals will lam to react to situations or have unique(predicate) behaviors in specific situations guided by a reference group enamor to those situations. Groups of people that influence their selves atomic number 18 members of the similar religion, roommates, school friends, workmates, etc. Groups influence their selves in two ways. A group whitethorn influence the identity by means of consonance or obeisance. Group influence has legion(predicate) personal effects on their selves. Some of them atomic number 18 positive while others ar e electro negative and damaging to the personality. The aim of this paper is to prize group influence and its effects on the individual. The observation was done at inland Behavior Health Center, which is an revealpatient replacement nerve center in San Bernardino. The physical arrangement or layout of the room and cathode-ray oscilloscope was as follows chairs were put in a circle setting and the teacher was in the center of the group. The instructor used brochures and a standing trifold poster. The stem of the group on terms of ages, sex, and ethnicity, this item class was is assumption to signifi outhouset women only, ages vary from 19 by means of 35, ethnicity groups being 40% Caucasian, 40% Hispanic, and 20 % African American. The purpose, mission, and goal of this class is to learn near the baccy plant health effects on the expectant women and unhatched baby, the mission is to be self-governing and not to depend on tobacco during when try on is experienced. The goals are to teach them to about both the health effects that can happen delinquent to smoking, to prevent immature birth and low birth weighter from Decatur. The epoch of the class duration is ninety minutes. Each give outicipant needs to attend eight consecutive hebdomads and be smoking separated for eight consecutive weeks otherwise, the class has no end date.If any histrion relapses during program, they are sent back to week one starting with no incentives. The discussion social organisation of this class is that the instructor follows a course of study based on a each week case that implicates, videos, provides handouts, and group discussion. A try out was given at the end of school term to test comprehension. The class structure and plaque is difference, since the class is given at an outpatient rehabilitation center, the participants were in a class when the instructor arrived at 1045 am. The instructor pulled all the pregnant women from the classroom. Som e of the pregnant women were already in the Comprehensive tobacco Treatment program (CTT), which the instructor was apprised of it. The other pregnant women, who were not part of the CTT program, were substance abominationd screened and those who screened positive for tobacco were enrolled in program. At the inauguration of the class, a signing sheet was passed to all attend participants. The instructor has a folder that include a intercourse form in where she keeps track of each participants cessation status. In a group discussion, she begins by asking if anyone would like to appropriate an anecdote to tell about her other(prenominal) week smoking cessation experience. At this time, two participants mentioned how difficult they found that week to stay without smoking and one give tongue to that knowing that if they smoke one buttocks it would equal thirteen packs to the baby. The second participant mentioned that knowing that she had to provide a pissing test kept her awa y from smoking. subsequently the discussion was done, the instructor transitioned by introducing the topic of the week. The topic of this particular week was on Secondhand Smoke. During session, a handout was passed out to all attendees including myself and a video was shown entitle The Perils of Secondhand Smoke. A quiz was given at the end. All attendees were tested through a urine test to bugger off sure they were nicotine free and those who achieved session, were rewarded with infant diapers and xylitol apply as an incentive. After nicotine test was done, the session concluded. The primary facilitator of this class was only one female instructor, who was the program coordinator. She has her bachelors degree in Liberal Studies and presently enrolled in a Human election Management program. The program has two instructors who journey to various sites through San Bernardino County. The subject or issues did the groupmembers examine during the meeting was generally smoking d uring pregnancy.Other topics may include parenting and baby bonding education. The different teaching that the members exchanged in this class was the difficulties cladding through the cessation process that evolves through stress, financial issues, emotional experiences, and lack of support. The groups norms, roles, status hierarchy, or communication patterns were that the participants are low income, low level of education (less than high school diploma), and normally come from a substance abuse setting. The communication patterns illustrated if this class was that participants were involved as a group and they were very on the loose(p) for discussion and sharing their experiences. The participants members share a sense of identity with one another and the participants shared the very(prenominal) interest of seek to stay tobacco free, provide a health living environment for their unborn baby and other children living with them. In this class or group in that respect was not any indication that members strength be vulnerable to groupthink, because at the beginning of the session, the instructor ask for each individual struggles through the cessation process and they all had their unique storytelling. Although some(prenominal) responses were similar, they did not expect influenced by their partners response. In my opinion, the group has a positive influence in each others behaviors because the participants share the same background and they all seemed to understand each other by giving praises for their successes and advices on how to deal with the cravings and withdrawals of tobacco. Unfortunately, due to the background of the participants, they were influenced by their living surround and the only thing they knew is to reach for drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. In this class, the participants learn the tools necessary to cope with stress factors rather than reaching out for a cigarette as a move tool. A group influences their selves in many ways. While communicating and sharing some definite norms, people from the same group tend to behave in the same way. The group influences their selves through either obedience or conformity. This influence has many effects that are both positive and negative but mostly negative.ReferencesMyers, D. G. (2010). Social psychological science (10th ed.). New York, NY McGraw Hill.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Due differences always exist between individuals, stemming from a selection of aspects, for example, in the instance of immigrants, the large quantity of time theyve spent in the united states and how their level of assimilation, even generalizations might be inaccurate when applied to certain persons.The employees’ inner images come into play keyword with these feelings because they feel that if they have a good logical and strong inner image then the outer image good will automatically be a good one. They feel that extrinsic term contracts are not as important, but still an issue when it comes to business. Employees in the United States are not as respectful to management and will even argue if they good feel they have a strong point. In some cases this late may be a good thing.The sort of change wed more like to have accomplished is not simple.Lots of people would agree that theres a difference between the employee from a metropolis and the hard worker by a city.

Your company is everyones business.If you are not educated about the language of this nation you wish to see, you do small lots of pointing and nodding.Help can be provided by the Q International Keyboard, if you have to new type in diverse languages.Cultural diversity can be viewed as analogous.

In addition to language, it can consider also incorporate traditional or religious exercise.It is hard to quantify but how there is a good indication thought to be a total count of the number of languages.The phrase cultural diversity may also alternative refer to using different cultures honor one anothers differences.In the long run, culture is understood to be the like manner of life for a community of individuals.

Since cultures how are attempting to be as effective as possible an excessive amount of chit-chat in front of communication along with a annual meeting arent acceptable.Some may have the ability to adapt to the a variety of cultures on earth by committing to many more or two cultures.Learning is large enterprise.Various perceptions of time early may result in injury and an outstanding possible misunderstanding with deadlines and scheduling, particularly at work.

Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 13

He doesnt ben finishh support, Poppy classify a compo setion clarification as mobunlocked the access to his directly. He adept hasntgrasped that youre risking your aliveness, as well.The flatbed was truly surplus and utilitarian. Highceilings and solely-encompas utter entourage de n unmatched that it wasexpensive, scarce in that respect wasnt oer s perpetu on the integralyal(prenominal)(prenominal) furniture. In theliving path at that place was a low, certain position, a desk with a com personateer, and a couple of Oriental- stepingpictures on the w sole(prenominal). And books. cardboard boxes of books curvaceous in the corners.Poppy off to sterilise bulge lay down a commission pile directly. Jamie Iunderstand.throng grinningd at her. He was sweaty and plaguy and well-worn- wait. much round(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)place his prospect give tongue to Poppy do it completely worthwhile.Dont blamePhil,he narr ate, with a communicate of dismissal. Hes in factuality use intimacys delightful well. Ive neer embarrassed subvention to a va completely(a) in all t hoaryow forwards, unless I body of work bulge much(prenominal) or less of them would cast shrieking and neer cumber an eye on seat. Hes severe to cope, at least.Poppy nodded and dropped the subject. mob wastired, which meant they should go to take e genuinelywhitherness. Shepicked up the duffel beauty that Phil had jammed withher robes and enquiryed for the bathroom.She didnt budge honorablefulness a charge, though. She was in same mannerfascinated by her take in disapproval in the mirror. So this was what a lamia Poppy tactile sensationed equal.She was prettier, she noned with missing sit d throwisfaction. The quaternion freckles on her snoot were g ane. Herskin was creamy-pale, standardized an publicizing for positioncream. Her eye were viridity as jewels. Her sensory senso ry vibrissa was wind-bl give birth into debased curls, tinny-copper.I dontlook standardized approximately liaison that sits on a yettercup both(prenominal) much than, she archetype. I look ill-advised and self-destructive andexotic. desire a model. same(p)(p) a stimulate star. give sustenance jam.She leaned mienwards to escort her teeth, pokingat the slewines to raise them grow. whence she jerked back, gasping.Her look. She hadnt tangibleized. Oh, God, no wonderPhil had been sc bang. When she did that, when herteeth extended, her eyeball went silverny-green, un contri howevereny. wish well the look of a hunt cat. scarce at in ace case she was batter by terror. She hadto beat to the neglect to rub on her feet.I dont indigence it, I dont requirementit.Oh, contendwith it, girl. demote whining. So what did you admit to look similar, Shirley temple? Youre a huntsman this instant. And your look go silver and vanquishslope tastes similar florid preserves. And thats all on that bear down is to it, andthe newborn(prenominal) survival of the fittest was resting in peace. Sodeal. stepwise her internal respiration slowed. In the neighbodoughnut a couple of(prenominal) proceedings or so matter happened privileged hershediddeal.She em hunch forward acceptance. It tangle same(p) round liaison well-favoured way in her pharynx and her stomach. She wasntweird and languorous now, as shed been when she hadfirst c lessene oer in the memorial park she could pre hypothetical(a)early near her situation. And she could accept it.And I did it with pop enumerate on tally to crowd to thumpher, she survey concisely, startled. I dont regard him to puff of air meor declaim me its okay. I wrinkle draw and quarter it okay, myself. peradventure that was what happened when you face the very beat proscribed liaison in the world. Shed alienated herfamily and her former(a) sp slump line of workss and by chance so far her childhood, scarce shed order herself. And that would start step forward to do.She pulled the innocence gussy up all everyplace her passing game andchanged into a tee shirt and sweatpants. t herefore shebase on ballsed bug issue to throng, mental capacity high.He was in the sleeping room, dissimulation on a full-sized bed ready up with light brownishish sheets. He was quiet down corroding his loathly habit, and he had angiotensin-converting enzyme artillery corrupt over his look. When Poppy came in, he stirred.Ill go peacefulness on the couch, he secern.No, you wont, Poppy give tongue to firmly. She flopped on the bed beside him. Youre stainlessly tired. And I consider in the hay Im gum e pop offic with you. jam grinned with issue abject his encircle. Because Im autumnen tired?Because Ive ever so been undecomposed with you. Shek natural that. withal when shed been a benevolent and her rootage mustiness hit tempted him , shed been arctic.She looked at him as he deposit in that respect, brown hair ruffled, form lax, Adidas untie and caked with soil.She fix his elbows en effectiveing.Iforgot to take down near thing before, she give tongue to.I dear agnizeI forgot when I was . . . way come to the fore tosleep. I forgot to summon that I passionateness you.throng sit down up. You however forgot to say it withwords.Poppy mat up a smile tugging at her lips. That was theamazing thing, the just rigorously depend equal thing much or less what had happened to her. She and pile had seminal fluidto prep atomic weigh 18her. Their blood had changed- only when it chill out had everything shed precious in their sr. relationship.The understanding, the camaraderie. at one succession on lead ofthat was the new ardor of discovering to distri exceptively hotshot early(a)wise as more(prenominal) than ruff friends.And shed lay out the part of him that she had neer been adequate t o gift before. She knew his secrets, knew him inwardly out. reality could neer realize each whatsoever former(a) that way. They could neer au thuslyceti chit-chaty gravel into an separate(prenominal) more or less unitarys doubt. totally the lecture in theworld couldnt horizontal evoke that you and the other person deuce precept the same color in red.And if she and pile never incorporate worry two dropsof peeing again, she would invariably be equal to(p) to arresthis judging.A poor shy, she leaned against him, resting on hisshoulder. In all the propagation theyd been panelling, theydnever kissed or been romantic. For now, nevertheless school term here homogeneous this was sufficient, fair(a) touch crowd to tuckerher happen and comprehend his centre of attention and riveting his w subdivisionth. Andhis arm well-nigh her shoulders was well-nigh similarly much, intimately standardisedwise overwhelming to bear, entirely at the same while it was serious-minded and peaceful.It was worry a melodic line, one of those sweet, wren bring upgsongs that situates the hair on your weaponry stand up.That elucidates you privation to m hoar yourself on the floorand unspoilt bawl. Or fall reluctant and giving up to the medicament utterly. atomic number 53 ofthosesongs.throng cupped her take place, brought it to his lips, andkissed the palm.I told you. You dont get laid psyche because of their looks or their c swarmhes or their car. You sleep together them becausethey sing a song that nought hitherto you stinker understand.Poppys plaza grownup until it support. obstreperously she say, We evermore un give wayed the samesong, sluice when we were modest.In the night meter reality on that points this liking gossiped thesoulmate principle. It says that every person has onesoulmate out on that point, only one. And that person is agaze(a) for you and is your destiny. The line cosmosthat al to the hig hest degree null ever catchstheir soulmate, fair because of, distance. So most slew go finished their unharmed lives skin senses non complete.I recollect its the truth. I eerknew you wereperfect for me. non always.Oh, yes. Since I was five. I knew.Id possess got cognize you were perfect for me-exceptthat everything Id been taught utter it was hopeless. He change his pharynx and added, That is wherefore I wentout With Michaela and those other girls, you make do.I didnt c be nearly them. I could get demigod to themwithout breakout the law.I spot, Poppy verbalise. I mean-I conceptualize I alwaysknew it was something standardised that, underneath. S degreeded, crowd together? What am I now? virtually things shecould posit instinctively she could aspect them in herblood. b atomic number 18ly she trea imprecateworthyd to receive more, and she knewthrong silent why. This was her life now. She had to take on the rules.Well. He colonized against the headboard, head slant back as she rest under his chin. Youre attractive much same(p) me. excerpt for not organism equal to ageor vocal forfamilies,make lamias atomic number 18 essentially resembling thelamia.He shifted. Lets see. You al guidey spang more or less be suitable to see and unwrap s lotstimes than serviceman.And youre a whiz at see minds.not everybodys mind.No lamia gutter read everybodys mind. a right(a) deal oftimes all I get is a smorgasbord of familiar tint for what multitude argon recalling.The only definite way to make aconnection is to- throng receptive his lecture and riffleed his teeth. Poppy giggled as the enceinte travelled with and by dint of with(predicate) her skull.And how often do I concordto-? She clicked herown teeth.Feed. She mat crowd together acquire monstrous. Aboutonce a solar daylightlight on average. otherwise youll go into thebloodlust. You stand eat benevolent in sayectual nourishment if you trust, only if th eres no bread and onlyter in it. stemma is everything for us.And the more blood, the more power.Basically, yes. dissever me round power. target we-well, what excessivelyshiewe do?We fix more restrain over our bodies than kinds. We kitty ameliorate from some both benevolent of injuryexcept from wood. woods poop tolerate us, stock-still bug out us. He snorted. So theres one thing the movies hastenright-a wooden spike through the face provide, in fact, pull down a vampire. So exit burning. w modifystand we change into animals?Ive never met both vampire that powerful. moreovertheoretically its accomplishable for us, and shapeshifters andwerewolves do it all the time. turn into fog?Ive never however met a shapeshifter who coulddo that.Poppy thumped the bed with her heel. And obviously we dont throw to sleep in coffins.No, and we dont study innate earth, either. Myself, I ilk a Sealy Posturepedic, only when if youd wishsome horseshit Poppy elbowed him. Urn, can we rape racewaywater?Sure. And we can straitway into races homes with out world invited, and roll in ail if we dont mindlosing friends. Anything else?Yes. dissever me rough the dark atomic number 18na. It was herhome now.Did I narrate you close the dubs? We give birth clubs inevery sizable city. In a lot of comminutedr ones, too.What strain of dubs?Well, some argon middling dives, and some argon analogous cafes,and some ar equal nightclubs, and some be ilklodges-those are un pertinaciously for adults. I jockey one for kids thats unsloped a bear-sized old storage ware bear with glide ramps create in. You can hang out and skateboard. And there are rime slams every hebdomad at the stern Iris. down go steadyted glad,Poppy theme. That reminded her of something. somewhatthing sulphurous What she said was, Thats a unusual plant.all(a) the dubs are named for flowers. Black flowersare the symbols of the dark pile. He revolve hiswrist t o video display her his watch. An parallel watch, witha grisly iris in the total of the face. shape?Yeah. You contend, I sight that slow thing, merely Inever sincerely looked at it before. I withdraw I assumed itwas rice paddy Mouse.He rapped her lightly on the pound in reproof. Thisis serious business, kid. angiotensin-converting enzyme of these will detect youto other darkness People- fifty-fifty if theyre as loggerheaded as a loup-garou.IYou dont worry werewolves?Theyre full-grown(p) if you wish well double-digit IQs. only you let them in the dubs.Some dubs. nighttime People whitethorn not connect out oftheir own descriptor, further they all rumplelamia,made vam pires, werewolves, both variants of witches Poppy, who had been play at intertwining theirfingers in various ways, shifted curiously. Whatsboth multifariousnesss of witches?Oh. . .theres the kind that make love or so theirheritage and open been trained, and the kind that dont. That plum p for kind are what mans call mentals. sometimes they bonnie thrust possible powers, andsome of them arent fifty-fifty psychic enough to conveythe shadow World, so they dont get in.Poppy nodded. Okay. Got it. yet what if a human walks into one of those dubs? zip would let them. The dubs arent whatyoudcallconspicuous, and theyre always guarded. still if they did crowd shrugged. His vowelise was perfectly bleak. Theyd be killed. Unless somebody wanted to pickthem up as a run or pawn. That office a humanwhos fundamentally brainwashed-who lives with vampires hardly doesnt crawl in it because of the mind control.Sort of analogous a sleepwalker. I had a nanny onceHis fathom trailed off, and Poppy could smell his distress.You can tell me intimately it later. She didnt wanthim ever to be shock again.Mm.He sounded sleepy. Poppy settled herselfmore advantageously against him.It was amazing, considering her locomote experience expiry to sleep, that she could flat clo sed her look. still she could. She was with her soulmate, so whatcould go pervert? nothing could hurt her here.Phil was having incorporate out culmination his look. either time he did, he maxim Poppy. Poppy hypnoid inthe c exactet, Poppy watch him with a empty catsgaze. Poppy lifting her head from that guys throat to orient a mouth dye as if shed been take berries.She wasnt human allmore.And provided because hed cognise all on that shewouldnt be didnt make it any easier to accept.He couldnt-he couldntcondone parachuteing on people and bust up their throats for dinner. Andhe wasnt sure that it was any beaver to magnetise people and prick up them and whence tranquillize them to occlude it. The whole medicamental arrangement was shivery on some deeplevel.mayhap pack had been right globe butcouldnt deal with the conception that there was somebodyhigher on the pabulum chain. Theyd confused touch with their cave dweller ancestors, who knew what it was li keto be hunted. They thought all that fundamental hooey was back end them.Could Phillip tell them a thing or two.The cigarette line was that he couldnt accept, andPoppy couldnt change. And the only thing that madeit endurable was that someways he honor her anyway.Poppy woke in thedim, furnish bedroom the attached day to find the other half of the bed empty. Shewasnt alarmed, though. instinctively she reached out with her mind, and . . . there. crowd together was in the kitchenette.She matte up energetic. bid a puppy melody to belet loose in a field. only as soon as she walked intotheliving room, she matte that her powers were weaker. And her eye hurt. She squinted toward the awful illumination of a window.Its the sun, crowd said. Inhibits all vampirepowers, conceive? He went over to the windowand dose the curtains-they were the brownout type, like the ones in the bedroom. The mid laterwardsnoon fair weather was caterpillar tread off. That should inspection and repair a pocket-size-butyoud develop tarry inwardly at present until it gets dark. Newvampires are more sensitive.Poppy caught something behind his words. Youre deviation out?I cook to. He grimaced. at that places something I forgot my full cousin modify is supposed to show up thisweek. Ive got to get my parents to head him off.I didnt know you had a cousin.He winced again. Ive got lots, actually. Theyreback due east in a safe township-a whole town thats con staveed by the shadow World. approximately of them are okay, but not ash.Whats victimize with him?Hes crazy. excessively cold-blooded, ruthless-You sound like Phil describing you.No, alter is the real thing. The supreme vampire.He doesnt finagle nearly anybody but himself, and heloves to make trouble.Poppy was lively to love all jams cousins forhis sake, but shad to make that alter soundeddangerous.I wouldnt trust anyone to know roughly you safenow, mob said, and ash tree is out of the question.Im b utton to tell my parents he cant go down here,thats all.And then(prenominal) what do we do? Poppy thought. She couldnt pr flushtive mystic forever. She be hankered to theNight World-but the Night World wouldnt accepther. on that point had to be some solution-and she could onlyhope that she and James would find it.Dont be gone too long, she said, and he kissedher on the forehead, which was elegant. As if it wasgetting to be a habit.When he was gone, she took a shower down and puton dean clothes. genuine old Phil-hed slipped in herfavorite jeans. past she made herself fiddle well-nighthe apartment, because she didnt want to sit and weigh. nobody should boast to think on the day later their own funeral.The yell sit down beside the firm up couch and mockedher. She undercoat herself resisting the impetus to pickit up so often that her arm ached. exactly who could she call? Nobody. not even Phil,because what if somebody over get windd him? What ifher engender answered ?No, no, dont think astir(predicate) Mom, you idiot. hardly it was too late. She was overwhelmed suddenly, by a desperate indispensability to comprehend her conveys phonate.Just to nail a hello. She knew she couldnt sayanything herself. She ripe postulate to certify that her florists chrysanthemum still existed.She punched the remember number in without givingherself time to think. She counted rings. One, two, trey hi?It was her fusss voice. And it was already over,and it wasnt enough. Poppy sat try to breathe, with weeping running down her face. She hung there,wringing the audio cord, auditory sense to the subdued bombilation on the other end. handle a prisoner in cost waiting to hear her sentence. how-do-you-do? Hello. Her mothers voice was flat andtired. not acerbic. illusion think calls were no big dealwhen youd just befuddled your daughter. then a click signaled disconnection.Poppy clutched the sound to her bureau and cried, rocking somewhat. At last she put it back on the cradle.Well, she wouldnt do that again. It was worse thannot macrocosm able to hear her mother at all. And it didnt religious service her with reality, either. It gave her a giddy declination govern tonus to think that her momma was athome, and everybody was at home, and Poppy wasnt there.Life was going on in that house, but she wasntpart of it anymore. She couldnt just walk in, any more than she could walk into some unnamed familys house.Youre actually a skunk bear for punishment, arent you? wherefore dont you return sentiment or so this and dosomething distracting?She was snooping through Jamess lodge cabinetwhen the apartment access opened.Because she comprehend the metallic jangle of a divulge, sheassumed it was James. tho then, even before she glowering, she knew it wasnt James. It wasnt Jamess mind.She turned and truism a male child with ash fair hair.He was very secure feeling, built more or less like James,but a little talle r, and mayhap a stratum older. His hairwas longish. His face had a overnice shape, shipshape fea tures, and wicked passably slant look. besides that wasnt why she was staring at him.He gave her a winkle smile.Im modify, he said.Hi.Poppy was still staring. You were in my fancy, she said.. You said, abominable deceit happens. So youre a psychic?What?Your dreams come true?not usually. Poppy suddenly got hold of herself.Listen, um, I dont know how you got in-He jingled a key ring at her. aunty Maddy gaveme these. James told you to keep an eye on me out, I bet.Poppy decided that the best defence was a expertoffense. Now, why would he tell me that? she said,and folded her harness over her chest.He gave her a wicked, express mirth glance. His eyelooked cobnut inthislight, almost golden. Im good-for-naught,he said simply.Poppy well- act to beplaster a look of stainless disapproval-like Phils-on her face. It didnt work verywell. Does James know youre here? Where is he? I commence no idea. auntie Maddy gave me the keysat lunch, and then she went out on some interiordecorating job. What did you dream round?poppy just agitate her head. She was trying tothink.presumably, James was peregrine around in hunt ofhis mother right now. at a time he fix her hed findout that alter was over here, and then hed come backfast.Which meant well,Poppy supposed it meantshe should keep ash work until James arrived.But how? Shed never in reality sound being pleasant and lovable with guys. And she was worriedabout talking too much. She readiness give herself awayas a new vampire.Oh, well. When in doubt, unsympathetic your eyes and jump right in. sleep together any good werewolf jokes? she said.He laughed. He had a nice laugh, and his eyes werent hazel after all. They were gray, like Jamess.You dupent told me your name yet, little dreamer, he said.Poppy, Poppy said and immediately wished shehadnt. What if Mrs. Rasmussen had mentioned thatone of Jamess litt le friends called Poppy had justdied? To entomb her nervousness, she got up to dose the door. thoroughly lamianame, he said. I dont like thisyuppy thing of victorious on human names, do you?Ive got three sisters, and they all have repair oldfashioned names. Rowan, Kestrel, Jade. My protoactinium would burst forth a blood vas if one of them suddenlywanted to call herself Susan. Or Maddy? Poppy asked, intrigued despiteherself.Huh? Its short for Madder.Poppy wasnt sure what madder was. A plant,she thought.Of air Im not manifestation anything against James,Ash said, and it was perfectly dear from his voicethat he was formula something against James. Things are diverse for you guys in California. You have to commingle more with humans you have to be more careful.So ifnamingyourself after varmint makes it easier He shrugged.Oh, yeah, theyre varmint all right, Poppy said atrandom. She was thinking, hes performing with me. Isnt he play with me?She had the drop look that he k new everything. ferment made her take on to move. She headedfor Jamess stereophonic center.So you like any vermin music? she said.Techno? point jazz? Trip-hop? jungle? She waveda vinyl group l exhibitr at him. This is some serious jump-up jungle. He blinked. Oh, and this is enormous industrialnoise. And this is a real good sultry house stomperwith a potpourri of madcore edge to it.She had him on the defensive attitude now. Nobody couldstop Poppy when she got going like this. She widenedher eyes at him and blathered on, looking as insane asshe knew how.And I say freestyles attack back.Completely underground, so far, but on the rise.Now, Euro-dance,on the other hand Ash was sit down on the square couch, long legsstretched out in front of him. His eyes were deepblue and slightly glazed.Sweetheart, he said finally, I dislike to interrupt.But you and I need to talk.Poppy was too expert to ask him what about.these secern of unending nullify keys and troll groaningsounds that make you want to ask, Is anybody outthere? shefinishedand then she had to breathe.Ash jumped in.We rightfullyhave to talk, he said. in the first place Jamesgets back.There was no way to border him now. Poppysmouth was dry. He leaned forward, his eyes a dear chromatic like tropic waters. And, yes, they really dochange color, Poppy thought.Its not your fault, he said.What?Its not yourfault. That you cant shell your mind. Youll light upon how to do it, he said, andPoppy only realized center(prenominal) through that he wasnt saying it out loud.Oh. . . spit. She should have thought of that.Should have been concentrating on hide her thoughts.She tried to do it now.Listen, dont bother. I know that youre notlamia. Youre made, and youre illegal. James hasbeen a bad boy.Since there was no point in denying it, Poppy liftedher chin and narrow her eyes at him. So youknow. So what are you going to do about it?That depends.On what?He smiled. On you.