Nokia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nokia - Case Study Example The commerce groups are Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions and Networks. The straight groups are Customer and Marketing Operations and Technology Platforms. The Nokia mobiles are intended to tender a wide variety of business users elastic access to Oracle Collaboration Suite, via text message, browser, or over-the-air harmonization of calendar and speak to in rank. The effect is endeavor mobility that is both influential and reasonable, enabling IT departments to offer omnipresent admittance to in sequence athwart their organization In current years supply chain management (SCM) has received a huge deal of trade press and academic concentration. For numerous chief executive officers (CEO) the time has come to shift notice to their supply base and hug the principles of SCM. The resource-based approach to planned management suggests that spirited advantage can be found in the varied resources and ability a firm controls. Resources that are valuable, rare, hard to duplicate, and can be browbeaten by the organization can create sustained competitive benefit and earn over standard financial performance. Numerous management specialists propose that companies that learn to get bigger their organizational supply chain management will have a spirited advantage. These learn looks at the conquest that Nokia has had in organization supply chain in Turkey (Bashein, B. J., 2004, 7-13). In a globe where products are copie... For this reason, there is a brawny link amongst how firms manage their people and the financial results achieved. Results from studies of five year staying power rates of initial public offerings; studies of output and stock price in large samples of corporation from manifold industries; and thorough research on auto, clothing, and other industries shows that substantial gains of about 40% can be obtained by implementing high performance management practices. An additional purpose of this paper is to increase about to happen into supply chain ability and the factors that get better its growth. If members of a supply chain are to flourish together they must admit that a learning environment improves the overall efficiency of the supply chain as well as the aptitude of the entity members (Stump, R. L., 2001, 29-48). One significant management practice for lots of companies is the association that they have by means of their suppliers. Supply chain partnerships are relationships flanked by two or more self-governing entities in a supply chain to achieve exact objectives. Basically, these partnerships are usually created to add to the financial and operational presentation of every channel. These objectives are talented from side to side reductions in total costs, reductions in inventories, and greater than before levels of shared information. Over a period of time these partnerships can develop and lead to better service, technological novelty, and product design. Strategic Management Including Mission With leadership comes enormous liability. As the primary company in our industry, Nokia also strives to be a leader in environmental routine. Upcoming generations are relying on us to shelter and conserve the usual environment (Antonelli, C. (2005). Usually, they

Leptospira Cultures Maintenance

Leptospira Cultures Maintenance RESULTS The Leptospira serovars maintained in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology were used in the present study. For maintenance, EMJH medium (Difco) with albumin supplement was employed and subcultured at seven day intervals and incubation was carried out at 28-30Â °C. In addition, the stock cultures were maintained in semi-solid medium with subculturing at one month interval. IDENTIFICATION OF LEPTOSPIRES Under dark field microscope, the live leptospiral organisms were found tightly coiled and actively motile. The motility observed was of both spinning and bending. In highly concentrated cultures, the organisms formed entangled masses. No contaminants were observed in most of the time when streaked on blood agar plates for purity checking of the cultures. In case of contamination they were purified by filtration. RECOMBINANT PROTEIN PRODUCTION Preparation of template DNA from Leptospira The genomic DNA isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis had a DNA concentration ranging from 40- 60Â µg/ml. The purity of the extracted DNA was checked by measuring the ratio of absorbance (O.D of DNA preparation at 260 and 280 nm). The value of the ratio obtained was found to be in the range of 1.8 to 1.93, indicating that the preparations were almost free of proteins.(in mat and methods). Amplification of lipl21 gene and lipl32 genes The amplification of lipl21and lipl32 genes were carried out and observed amplicons of 507 bp and 767 bp, respectively. (Fig 1) Cloning of the lipl21 and lipl32 gene The colonies of E.coli Dh5∞ cells transformed with lipl21 and lipl32 genes was picked up separately and tested for the presence of the two genes. It was observed that lipl21 clones yielded an amplicon size of 507 bp and lipl32 with 767 bp. These confirmed clones were preserved for further studies (Fig 2) Induction of recombinant protein The above clones were subcultured in LB broth containing Ampicillin (100Â µg/ml) and expression was optimized with 2 mM IPTG for LipL21 and 1mM IPTG for LipL32. The induced recombinant cells were harvested after six hours and five hours for LipL21 and LipL32, respectively. Uninduced controls were set for each. The cells were then pelleted and lysed. The expression of recombinant 21 kDa (rLipL21) and 32 kDa outer membrane proteins (rLipL32) were confirmed in comparison with that of the uninduced cells where there was no significant protein expression (Fig 3) Purification of recombinant lipl21 and lipl32 proteins The rLipL21 and rLipL32 proteins were purified by Nickel chelating affinity chromatography without any contamination. The protein concentrations were estimated to be 0.69 mg/ml and 2.07mg/ml for rLipL21 and rLipL32, respectively. Immunoreactivity of the proteins The immunogenicity of both rLipL21 and rLipL32 proteins were tested using MAT positive canine sera and observed that both the proteins were reacting. Further the protein did not react when blotted with hyper immune serum raised against the different bacteria namely E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella multocida. DIAGNOSIS Microscopic Agglutination Test A total of 124 canine serum samples from Leptospira suspected dogs were tested using MAT and among this 22 (17.74 per cent) were found to be positive for leptospirosis. Serum samples having a titre of 1:400 and above were considered as positive. The infecting serovars identified with canine leptospirosis are depicted in Table 3 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Indirect ELISA was done in separate microtitre plates employing rLipL21 and rLipL32 as antigens and the results were compared with that of MAT. Checker board analysis Using checker board analysis the optimum concentration of antigen, antibody and conjugate were estimated. The optimum concentration of antigen was found to be 50 ng/well and 150 ng/well for rLipL21 and rLipL32, respectively. The rabbit anti-canine IgG HRP conjugate concentration estimated was 1:2500 and 1:2000 for rLipL21 and rLipL32, respectively. A 1:50 dilution of test serum was used as optimum working dilution in both ELISAs. Determination of cut off values In IgG ELISA, the mean OD and standard deviation for the negative sera samples (n=44) was 0.49 and 0.11 for rLipL21 and 0.59 and 0.09 for rLipL32, respectively. The cut off value obtained was 0.82 for rLipL21 and 0.86 for rLipL32. Test proper The results of rLipL21 and rLipL32 based IgG ELISA are given in Table 4. Among 47 positive samples obtained by rLipL21 ELISA, only 20 found positive with MAT. In case of rLipL32 ELISA, 40 samples were recorded positive out of which 18 found positive with MAT. Comparison of MAT and rLipL21IgG ELISA The results of rLipL21 IgG ELISA were compared with that of MAT. Among 124 canine sera examined, 47 (37.90 per cent) showed OD more than the cut off value i.e. 0.82 and were considered positive for leptospirosis by rLipL21 IgG ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of rLipL21 IgG ELISA as relative to MAT was calculated to be 90.90 per cent, 73.52 per cent and 76.61 per cent, respectively (Table 5). On statistical analysis, it was found that there exists a significant difference between the two tests, ie, rLipL21 ELISA and MAT even at 1 per cent level of significance. Comparison of MAT and rLipL32 IgG ELISA The results of the IgG ELISA using rLipL32 as the antigen were compared with that of MAT. Among 124 canine sera examined, 40 (32.25 per cent) showed OD more than the cut off value i.e. 0.86 and were considered positive for leptospirosis by IgG ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of rLipL32 IgG ELISA as relative to MAT was calculated to be 81.81per cent, 78.43 per cent and 79.03 per cent, respectively (Table 6). Statistical analysis revealed that there exists a significant difference between the two tests, ie, rLipL32 ELISA and MAT at 1per cent level of significance. Comparison of rLipL21 and rLipL32 IgG ELISA On statistical analysis using Cochran’s Q test, at 1 per cent level of significance it was observed that there exists no significant difference between rLipL21 and rLipL32 ELISA, as the P value was found to be greater than 0.01. Table 3 Infecting serovars identified with MAT Table 4 Results of MAT, rLipL21 ELISA and rLipL32 ELISA Table 5 Comparison between rLipL21 ELISA and MAT Sensitivity = a/a+c = 90.90% Specificity = d/b+d = 73.52% Accuracy =a+d/a+b+c+d = 76.61%

Education Roles Essay -- Education Educate Papers

Education Roles Emerging from an extended period of ideological hostility between stubbornly-defined cold war blocs, we enter an era of strident nationalism and ethnic conflict. We observe conflicts of ethnic differences and historic disagreements, now fueled by the frustration of failed economic systems and faltering political regimes. Feelings of unity often arise out of a sense of shared experiences and common goals. In Canada, however, and in many other countries, people have been driven apart by geographic, racial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural and legal circumstances. As the widespread trend toward state division and republic formation continues, we must come to ask ourselves what can hold diverse people together. Primary and secondary school education-and specifically, the content and the form of national histories that are taught in classrooms around the world-provides a unique venue for the study of the development of nationalism. It may be the primary forum in which people construct, think about and interpret stories about themselves and their past, present and future. Through the Canadian experience, nationalism can be seen outside a context of war and deprivation. Yet as Michael Ignatieff-British resident and son of a Russian-born Canadian diplomat-writes of Canada, "Here we have one of the five richest nations on earth, a country so uniquely blessed with space and opportunity that the world's poor are beating at the door to get in, and it is tearing itself apart." Especially in the aftermath of an emotionally intense and statistically close referendum on Quà ©bec sovereignty in October 1995, Canada too must examine the possibilities for national unity. As I have thought about these possibilities, I have ... ...mmunity-active approaches to education, I am trying to understand the teacher's role and the role of education in general in individual development. Through current and further academic studies, I am attempting to understand the role of education in the social, economic, cultural and political development of the nation-state. The opportunity to study abroad for a year under a Rotary Scholarship would allow me to gain a greater understanding of the possible outcomes of various experiements in education attempted in another country as govenments, teachers, students and other citizens respond to social, economic and political conditions. The process and the aftermath of this experience would challenge me to explore the possibilities for creating and forwarding honest national histories-both abroad and in Canada-within which each individual's voice might be articulated.

Moi…Yeah What About It?

At this darkness blocked my blurry vision, and a warm coppery taste was my only comfort, it had been my comfort for so long now. It was only a friend and I'm nearly dead. But when you get accused of going with your cousin you'd expect it of a friend. I was fourteen when it started, just over a year, you'd think I'd be all cried out, but I've learnt, gradually, save them, save them for the nights when you close your eyes and he's giving you what you want, and what you need†¦ love. Corny you might think, but the good things make you cry more than the bad. Every time he's not smoked bit too much skunk, sput, or what ever else he does, we'll cuddle and he whispers those three little words every girl longs to hear from a tall dark and handsome older guy. ‘I love you' But where's the truth in it. Most guys of sixteen think those three word can bed a girl. Well if they're vulnerable enough it's a definite thing. That's where trouble starts. Sex its just another word for hurt, blood, committing yourself and signing freedom and friends away. And all to some guy that thinks you want to spend the rest of your life with cos they popped your cherry. Its not reality, not to me and it shouldn't be to you. Loves a trap, an evil thing. It makes me feel sick, even just thinking about the hell I was put through in as shorter amount of time as a year. I thought I was being brave every time I was alone and my cloudy green eyes cried. I was surprised myself, as every moment we spent in each other's arms was a good time. I thought I'd never have to be alone. But now I know the sparkles all gone, and the stitches are here. He wasn't scared to show anyone the hate and anguish he felt inside for me, not even my mother, the first time, he hurt me was in front of both our families we sat down to a meal, in my house, a time we all thought was good. But I was dragged by my hair into the kitchen viewable from the dinning table. I knew what was coming I had seen his eyes when he had fought previously with lads, those eyes looked straight at me. I began to run to the side door, which was positioned at the side of his masculine, strong aftershave smelling body; my head was spinning as I was thrown back towards the sink. My head in the bowl with the dishes from the pervious course, and he kicked me right in the spine. My father was no longer around he had left us when my brother and I were just three years old. My brother and I thought the same; people said it was just telepathic, I screamed as the broken dishes cut into my made-up face. The phone rang. I heard it, I heard it through the screams and shouts, of my mother and the warnings of that bastards family. My mother ran to the phone hoping and praying it was someone with power that could help, she wasn't let down, my brother, he said he felt something and Wiz was driving him down to the house, my mother yelled down the phone hoping Wiz would hear, I'll never forget the words she said it was the first time I had ever heard her swear, I heard them words over and over in my confused and unsure head, â€Å"GET YOUR BLOODY FOOT DOWN and HURRY THE FUCK UP† I'd had enough my body couldn't take any more of his beating, I lay collapsed on the cold tiled floor coated in warm blood clotted in little ball, coughed out of my tooth missing mouth. I heard the screeching of tyres out front, as my brother ran in followed by four sets of other heavy footsteps. Screams and shouts were all I heard nothing I could make sense of. I was kicked one last time in my stomach before everything went dead. I was alone. I was alone in a bed, with tubes pumping all kinds of shit into me, I tried to move but my body refused, to leave me only lying still. I was there for a few days unable to move my bruised limbs, my brother and his mates came in every so often and comforted me, I didn't feel safe around guys though and refused to speak to them. The one person that made me feel safe was a younger lad I had met on a holiday that year, my mother had paid for him to fly from his home near Stoke to be with me for a few days. My brother had told me I had called out his name numerous occasions. I was unable to remember. I still thought about him though, when visiting times were over, I still loved him. I thought that nothing could change that, not even a hospital bed. My mother had told me a million times that he was bad news for me. I knew she was right but I always had the last word. I always blamed it on my dad leaving though; I made my mum feel bad because I never had a man to tell me how really men were. But really I should take it out on him he's the one who couldn't keep his pants up, well his ankles always were cold, my mum said anyway. I kind of understand now though why my mother never got with another, she could have had any one. She was the most beautiful woman who graced the earth. My brother always use to boost my confidence when I was younger saying I was like her, but no one ever could be as pretty, so perfect. I loved her more than anyone could love anything in the universe. But my love for her was too deep I was told, he told me. I believed him too. I was gullible and he was charming. I HATE HIM SO MUCH. He changed my mother's perspective in my live; my whole world, and left me behind. My life was complicated, it always had been. No person, how sophisticated, how intelligent could understand my head, the way I would think. I used to write stories and draw strange looking picture, all the teachers thought I was ill in the head from the first day I walked through the school gates Primary and High. They can all drop dead just as every other down looking snob in this world can. They don't understand anything, half of them don't even have kids of their own, and how can they stand in front of a teenager and tell them how they should treat people with respect when they have no respect for us. Teachers always said I had a foul mouth†¦ and. So have 70% of the rest of the pupils in this school. That old line they spoon feed you every time their on their periods are just in a bad mood, â€Å"Miss Potts' you have the most dramatic and over active imagination I have ever had enter this room, now leave† That's meant to be an education don't be daft. I admit to the charges with my hands up but I've had a bad life, as have others but I took the easy way out and became a little bitch, smoking, drinking etc. It was just what school life has lead me into. I think about life doing things right sometimes but that's not me it isn't possible for me now. Things when I got out of hospital weren't any different between him and me; I'll call him that because his name sends shivers and spikes down my spine. I carried on seeing him, yeah I know I was stupid, but he told me he'd change just to spend a few moments of his life with me in his arms. My family didn't find out for a while, but when my brother caught me and him upstairs in my room he disowned me, I tried to cover up what we were doing but I think clothes all up the stairs were a clear give away. No one was meant to come home, my mother in London and my brother meant to be at a friends', what's the chances ay? Low High well shit happens doesn't it? I convinced my brother it was the best thing to do keeping it a secret from my mother as she was suffering from severe depression, give you a guess who it all started with. Lol. Obvious don't you think? We didn't talk my brother and I until I assured him it was all over. He believed me. I had tried to brake it off with him but his dark eyes seduced my mind hypnotising me, they told a story of that day when I nearly died. My life's never been perfect, and never will be now. I had dreams, ambitions. I was going to be an artist, I wanted people to know who I was and what I had been through but how do you tell the story, of getting beat up by a demon, that lived around the corner from your humble warm loving home. I had ideas but I'd have to find him again to make my work publishable, to kill me obviously. No artist I've ever heard of got famous when they were alive so I'd need some help wouldn't I? After I told my brother I had stopped seeing him, it was around three months until we finish properly, I had been in hospital again, slipped a disk in my back this time, it happened over three days, it started over a cig, how sad, my best mate of a few years wouldn't spare her last fag for him and I got bollocked for it. I tried to run but I was never a sprinter, my legs weren't long enough, he caught up to me within a few moments of me dropping my bags out side the schools gates, he dragged me to the floor by my long brown ponytail, I lay there frozen scared to move as his three best mate screamed at him to leave me alone because I was a cheap tart after a shag. Later that night though he found me, came down to another of my mates looking for a shag off of me. Yeah you know the story, I did it, a shags a shag as my mates brother told me. The next time he threw a paddy was the next night; guess what this was over as well, a lil bit of lippy, apparently I looked like a whore, and his mates would find it as an offer. It was a repeat performance of the previous day although a man dressed in a dark suit came to my rescue; he told me he was always there for me if I ever needed him. I didn't even know the guy, it was the first time I'd seen him but I thought I could come to some kind of arrangement with him. He was sexy and I was feeling low and on the rebound. The next time, I find it hard to talk about It was thought I would never be able to have kids, that broke my heart, I really wanted kids in the future lil boy and girl Cona and Carmel. I thought that they were cute names for kids and different for when they grew up. My story with him ended when a couple of weeks I found my self sat in a doctors surgery with a urine sample on the desk, and a pregnancy test boxed up lay next to it, along with that protein tester thing. I'd put on weight and me and the doctor both knew exactly what was going on. I sobbed as I told the doctor my life story; he was touched and offered me a tissue over the long wooden desk I leant on with one hand on my stomach. I quit my sobbing and stood up to leave. No appointments were made, no nothings were said.

African Americans from 1865 Essay

African Americans have fought a great battle to become a part of society in America. Since being taken from African as slaves in the 1600’s there has been a continuous battle for equality since. Since the end of slavery Black Americans have had many accomplishments along with hardships. In this paper I will discuss some of the Major events in African American history beginning with the end of slavery which has lead to the America we know today. In 1865 Congress passed the thirteenth Amendment stating† Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† this was the outlawing of slavery and resulted in the established the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist former slaves. President Lincoln and other Republicans were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation, which in 1863 declared the freedom of slaves in ten Confederate states then in rebellion, would be seen as a temporary war measure, since it was based solely on Lincoln’s war powers. The Proclamation did not free any slaves in the border states nor did it abolish slavery.[1] Because of this, Lincoln and other supporters believed that an amendment to the Constitution was needed. In many parts of the South, the newly freed slaves labored under conditions similar to those existing before the war. The Union army could offer only limited protection to the ex-slaves, and Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, clearly had no interest in ensuring the freedom of southern blacks. The new president’s appointments as governors of southern states formed conservative, proslavery governments. The new state legislatures passed laws designed to keep blacks in poverty and in posit ions of servitude. Under these so-called black codes, ex-slaves who had no steady employment could be arrested and ordered to pay stiff fines. Prisoners who could not pay the sum were hired out as virtual slaves. In some areas, black children could be forced to serve as apprentices in local industries. Blacks were also prevented from buying land and were denied fair wages for their work. This became the beginning of the Reconstruction. The Freedmen’s Bureau was designed to help former slaves make the transition from slavery to freedom after the civil war. It was a federal agency mostly involving blacks of the old confederacy ( Lowe, 1993). The Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, which created the Freedmen’s Bureau in March 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.[2] The Freedmen’s Bureau was an important agency of the early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, a Civil War hero sympathetic to black s.the Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant. Their responsibilities included introducing a system of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 schools for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts between the usually white landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for blacks in state courts. The Bureau was renewed by a Congressional bill in 1866 but was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who thought it was unconstitutional. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government secure black rights. Congress passed the bill over his veto. Southern whites were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been quickly disbanded and most of the soldiers assigned to the Western Their responsibilities included introducing a system of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 schools for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts between the usually white landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for b lacks in state courts. The Bureau was renewed by a Congressional bill in 1866 but was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who thought it was unconstitutional. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government secure black rights. Congress passed the bill over his veto. Southern whites were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been quickly disbanded and most of the soldiers assigned to the Western frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the field of education. frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the field of education. There is much more African American has to overcome and many victories and defeat, In the process of fighting for equality in 1909 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W.E.B. Du Bois. For the next half century, it would serve as the country’s most influential African-American civil rights organization. In 1910, its journal, The Crisis, was launched. Among its well known leaders were James Weldon Johnson, Ella Baker, Moorfield Storey, Walter White, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin Hooks, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Julian Bond, and Kwesi Mfume. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the association led the black civil rights struggle in fighting injustices such as the denial of voting rights, racial violence, discrimination in employment, and segregated public facilities. Dedicated to the goal of an integrated society, the national leadership has always been interracial, although the membership has remained predominantly African American. The Harlem Renaissance flourishes in the 1920s and 1930s. This literary, artistic, and intellectual movement fosters a new black cultural identity. After the American civil war, liberated African-Americans searched for a safe place to explore their new identities as free men and women, they found it in Harlem. Also known as the New Negro Movement was a literary, artistic, cultural, intellectual movement that began in Harlem, New York after World War I and ended around 1935 during the Great Depression. The movement raised significant issues affecting the lives of African Americans through various forms of literature, art, music, drama, painting, sculpture, movies, and protests. In 1939 the NAACP established as an independent legal arm for the civil rights movement the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, which litigated to the Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the case that resulted in the high court’s landmark 1954 school-desegregation decision. The organization had also won a significant victory in 1946, with Morgan v. Virginia, which successfully barred segregation in interstate travel, setting the stage for the Freedom Rides of 1961. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case: strikes down segregation as unconstitutional. Linda Brown, an eight-year-old African American girl, had been denied permission to attend an elementary school only five blocks from her home in Topeka, Kansas. School officials refused to register her at the nearby school, assigning her instead to a school for nonwhite students some 21 blocks from her home. Separate elementary schools for whites and nonwhites were maintained by the Board of Education in Topeka. Linda Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit to force the schools to admit her to the nearby, but segregated, school for white students. The Board of Education’s defense was that, because segregation in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation they would face during adulthood. The board also argued that segregated schools were not neccessarily harmful to black children; great African Americans such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and George Washington Carver had overcome more than just segregated schools to achieve what they achieved. The request for an injunction put the court in a difficult decision. On the one hand, the judges agreed with the expert witnesses; in their decision, they wrote: Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children†¦ A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. [8] On the other hand, the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites, and no Supreme Court ruling had overturned Plessy yet. Because of the precedent of Plessy, the court felt â€Å"compelled† to rule in favor of the Board of Education. [9] The Supreme Court struck down the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine of Plessy for public education, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and required the desegregation of schools across America. The Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it require desegregation of public schools by a specific time. It did, however, declare the permissive or mandatory segregation that existed in 21 states unconstitutional. [13] It was a giant step towards complete desegregation of public schools. Even partial desegregation of these schools, however, was still very far away, as would soon become apparent. The next year 1955 A young black boy, Emmett Till, is brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi. Two white men charged with the crime are acquitted by an all-white jury. They later boast about committing the murder. The public outrage generated by the case helps spur the civil rights movement (Aug.). Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi on August 24, 1955 when he reportedly flirted with a white cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, two white men kidnapped till, beat him, and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. Till’s murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging civil rights movement. Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the â€Å"colored section† of a bus to a white passenger (Dec.1). She was arrested and convicted of violating the laws of segregation, known as â€Å"Jim Crow laws.† Mrs. Parks appealed her conviction and thus formally challenged the legality of segregation. In response to her arrest Montgomery’s black community launch a successful year-long bus boycott. Montgomery’s buses are desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956. 1963Martin Luther King is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala. He writes â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† which advocated nonviolent disobedience. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is attended by about 250,000 people, the largest demonstration ever seen in the nation’s capital. Martin Luther King delivers his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. The march builds momentum for civil rights legislation (Aug. 28). Despite Governor George Wallace physically blocking their way, Vivian Malone and James Hood register for classes at the University of Alabama. Four young black girls attending Sunday school are killed when a bomb explodes at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a popular location for civil rights meetings. Riots erupt in Birmingham, leading to the deaths of two more black youths (Sept. 15). 1964 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation’s benchmark civil rights legislation, and it continues to resonate in America. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. Passage of the Act ended the application of â€Å"Jim Crow† laws, which had been upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court held that racial segregation purported to be â€Å"separate but equal† was constitutional. The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights References Of Du Bois and Diaspora: The Challenge of African American Studies. Michael A. Gomez Journal of Black Studies , Vol. 35, No. 2, Special Issue: Back to the Future of Civilization: Celebrating 30 Years of African American Studies (Nov., 2004), pp. 175-194 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129300 The Freedmen’s Bureau and Local Black Leadership Richard Lowe The Journal of American History , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Dec., 1993), pp. 989-998 Published by: Organization of American Historians Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080411 Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America. by Studio Museum in Harlem Review by: George C. Wright The Journal of American History , Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jun., 1990), pp. 253-261 Published by: Organization of American Historians Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2078660 Harlem Renaissance. by Nathan Irvin Huggins Review by: Charles T. Davis American Literature , Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 138-140 Published by: Duke University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2924561 Mary, E. Q. (2000). African-american history and culture / african-american history and culture: An on-line encyclopedia. The Booklist, 96(12), 1130-1132. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/235465516?accountid=32521 Horne, G. (2006). TOWARD A TRANSNATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDA FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE 21st CENTURY. The Journal of African American History, 91(3), 288-303. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/194472189?accountid=32521 Dr. martin luther king, jr.’s ‘letter from a birmingham jail’. (1997, Jan 16). Sentinel. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/369387622?accountid=32521

Successes and the Failures of the Drug War

Successes and the Failures of the Drug War Introduction The drug war to prohibit the use of illicit drugs especially narcotics has been received with mixed reaction. In the past century, the use of illicit drugs reduced drastically owing to the drug war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Successes and the Failures of the Drug War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in the recent past the use of illicit drugs has been on the rise. There have emerged counter- culture movements that have been championing the use of drugs; the drug war has been criticized for initiating the same crimes it is trying to solve. The war on drugs has made cartels to be more wary and devolve very complicated methods of countering the war on drugs (Merez, 2004). Failures of Drug War The war on drugs has failed to act in time, and actions are taken when the misuse is at high levels. Noriega the former dictator of Panama was a widely known dealer and facilitator of the narcotics enter ing the US. However, due to his close links with the CIA where he had been assigned certain duties, his activities in drug dealing were overlooked until they reached an alarming level. Overlooking such people has enabled the drug lords to thrive. Noriega is known to have had links with the major drug dealers in the world like Colombia’s Escobar (Russell, 2000). The use of illicit drugs has become widespread in the society; in the just concluded Senate elections, the state of California went to the polls to legalize Marijuana. Though not successful, it shows that people are becoming more pro- drugs. The drug war has failed in facilitating thorough education of the masses. The scenario portrayed is as if the public are the culprits. For effective combat on drugs, those involved in the drug war should and must include the public. Treatments facilities must be established to ensure those willing to quit drugs are assisted. Lack of sufficient treatment facilities has made those wi lling to quit drugs unable, as there are no treatment facilities (Trebach, 2005). The drug war has failed to curb the media. The media especially in the entertainment industry seems to idolize drugs. Hip Hop and rap artists are full of praise for the hard drugs in their lyrics. These artists have millions of fans especially the young people, who some turn to drugs aping their superstars.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drug war should prohibit those artists encouraging drug use and ban magazines that advocate for the use of illicit drugs. Most of the illicit drugs in the US come from Mexico and other countries. The drug war has not tightened the border security as these drugs are finding their way into the US markets (Parker, 1990). Successes of drug war However, the drug war has seen the arrest and capture of high profile drug dealers like Vasquez Mendoza of Mexico wh o had also been accused of killing a federal agent. Some of the arrested people have accumulated millions in drug trade. The drug war has also led to decrease of deaths through the hard drugs abuse. The growing of the illicit drugs like Cannabis in the US has drastically reduced due to the drug war (Kelly, 1995). Conclusion The drug war has had both successes and failures. The use of drugs in the US has remained low compared to some of her neighbors like Mexico and Jamaica. However, these neighbors are facilitating the use of illicit drugs in the US and the drug war must be extended to include these nations if meaningful curbing of illicit drug use is to be realized (Betram, 1996). Education of the masses should also be emphasized to boost cooperation between the citizens and the officials in charge of the drug war. Reference List Bertram, E. (1996). Drug War Politics: The Price of Denial. Los Angeles: University of California. Kelly, J. (1995). Drug War: Observation on U.S. Drug Co ntrol Efforts. New York: The Office Marez, C. (2004). Drug Wars: The Political Economy Of Narcotics. Minnesota: Minnesota University Press Parker, S. (1990) The Drug War. New York: Gloucester PressAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Successes and the Failures of the Drug War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Russell, D. (2000). Drug War: Covert, Money, Power Policy. New York: Kalyx.com Trebach, S. (2005). The Great Drug War. Bloomington: Unlimited Publishing LLC

Best Entry Mode Into the German Wine Market Essays

Best Entry Mode Into the German Wine Market Essays Best Entry Mode Into the German Wine Market Essay Best Entry Mode Into the German Wine Market Essay Essay Topic: The Man Of Mode There are opportunities in the German market for Goldenrods such as demand for non-alcoholic beverages and organic wines. At the same time there are challenges in the German market such as stringent overspent regulation, high competition and slow growth of the market. The advantages and disadvantages of the three entry modes- exporting, acquisition and joint venture are investigated and a recommendation is made on the best suited entry mode for Goldenrods. The first section of the report gives a brief introduction about the company and its background. In the second section, a detailed internal and external analysis of the company is done to understand its strengths and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats that the company is likely to face in the German wine market. In the third section, three entry modes that are best suited for Goldenrods in its entry into the German wine market is analyses and the best entry mode is suggested. The report is concluded in the final section. 2. 0 Company Profile : Goldenrods Goldenrods is the third largest producer of wine in Australia, generating 5. 0% of the markets volume. The company produces, sells and distributes wine and beer and has its market in 98 countries around the world. The company operates in Australia, Asia Pacific, U. S, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The company has its headquarters in Bill, Australia and employs around 5,900 people. Its products are supplied to around 29,000 customers including wholesalers, importers, hotels, bottle shops and restaurants. Goldenro ds revenues during the financial year 2008 was recorded to be A$ 2,900 million with a net profit of A$ 5,50 million. Strong manufacturing capabilities helps the company to achieve economies of scale, and enable it to maintain control over quality and respond quickly to changes in demand. Focus on product innovation Goldenrods has a strong focus on product innovation and believes that it is a ajar driver of business success. In response to the growing consumer trend for lifestyle alternatives (Denominator, 2008), Goldenrods launched a new range drinks with low carbohydrates, low calorie, reduces alcohol and reduced preservatives. The company also demonstrates innovation in its packaging style, packaging materials and wine bottles. A strong focus on product innovation allows Goldenrods to stay ahead of competition in the market. 3. 2 Weaknesses Inefficient operations The average inventory and receivables turnovers of Goldenrods were lower than its competitors during the five year period 2004-2008. The average inventory and average receivable turnover of the group stood at 2. 3% and 5. 5%, respectively, during 2004-2008, significantly lower than its competitors like De Portola and Misalliances Wine Pity. Ltd (Denominator, 2008). The lower inventory and receivables turnovers of endoscopes Annihilate ten lower productivity Ana operational Inclemency AT ten company. Further, due to lower inventory and receivable ratios, Goldenrods would require a higher working capital, which may limit the groups growth prospects. Goldenrods would have to thoroughly investigate how and why the productivity less ND would have to immediately eliminate or improve inefficient operations and units. If not resolved immediately, this can have a negative impact on its operations in all of the different markets around the world. Weak revenue per employee Fosters has recorded weak revenue per employee in the recent past. During 2004-2008, the groups average revenue per employee was A$313,653, significantly lower when compared to its competitors like De Portola and Misalliances Wine Pity. Ltd (Denominator, 2008). The weak revenue per employee of the group indicates its weaker productivity and operational inefficie ncy when compared to its competitors. This also have an impact on the net profits of the company and can hamper its growth if not resolves immediately. Efficient ways have to be devised in order to reduce operational wastage of money and to increase productivity. If these matters are not looked into immediately, then it can hamper the growth and the net profits from its entire markets spread around the world. 3. 3 Opportunities Increasing concern for health and wellness The average German consumer is getting old and there is an increased concern for health and wellness Nonsense, 2008). According to Remuneration market (2009) port, German alcohol consumption is declining in general as consumers are seeking to cut down alcohol intake due to health concerns. The ageing population will further worsen the situation, with older consumers typically consuming less alcohol (Remuneration, 2009). Still light grape wine, which is dominant in the market, is expected to particularly suffer, with consumers less likely to serve such wine with everyday meals (Denominator, 2008). Health and wellness is a growing sector in Germany and there is a growing trend for health and wellness products Nonsense, 2008). Though it might seem like a big wreath to Goldenrods, infant this is a great opportunity for the company. Goldenrods has already launched a range of products that are low in calorie content and alcohol content. Goldenrods would find a good market in Germany for its healthy wine segment. In addition to this, non-alcoholic beverages are becoming an important segment for wine and beverage distributors around the world (Denominator, 2008). As Goldenrods already distributes non-alcoholic beverages, it could boost its revenue growth by expanding further its portfolio of non-alcoholic beverage in the German market. Growing popularity AT Rose Ana organic well There is a growing trend towards rose wines in Germany and this is forecasted to remain popular within the German market and boost sales (Remuneration, 2009). Another product area that saw a good performance was low alcohol sparkling wine, which benefited from the health trend (Denominator, 2008). There is also a growing preference for organic wine in Germany and this is in line with the good overall development of organic products in Germany Owes, 2006). An increasing number of companies in the German wine industry have launched organic line extensions or new organic brands Owes, 2006; Remuneration,2009). There is a great opportunity for Goldenrods in the German market as it can find a good market for its already existing rose wines. Goldenrods can also diversify its rose wine by offering rose variants that suit the local German consumers taste. Goldenrods can also expand its portfolio and launch a new line of organic wines as there is a great opportunity to boost its revenue through sales in this segment. The geographic spread of Goldenrods would definitely help the company in sourcing good quality organic raw materials.

Inspirational Quotes About Teacher

Inspirational Quotes About Teacher Do you remember a teacher who inspired you? Do you want to thank that teacher for her or his selfless service? Here is your chance. Pick an inspirational quote for your teacher from this page and send it as a special message for your teacher. Each inspirational quote lauds the efforts of good teachers. Martin HeideggerTeaching is more difficult than learning because what teaching calls for is this: to let learn. The real teacher, in fact, lets nothing else be learned than learning. His conduct, therefore, often produces the impression that we properly learn nothing from him, if by learning we now suddenly understand merely the procurement of useful information.AnonymousIf you can read this, thank a teacher.Albert EinsteinIt is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge.John GarrettThe job of a teacher is to excite in the young a boundless sense of curiosity about life, so that the growing child shall come to apprehend it with an excitement tempered by awe and wonder.Edmond H. FischerIt is commonly said that a teacher fails if he has not been surpassed by his students.David E. PriceThe impending teacher shortage is the most critical education issue we will face in the next decade.Malcolm S. ForbesEducations purpose is to replace an empty mind w ith an open one. Morihei UeshibaStudy how water flows in a valley stream, smoothly and freely between the rocks. Also learn from holy books and wise people. Everything even mountains, rivers, plants and trees should be your teacher.Richard BachLearning is finding out what we already know. Doing is demonstrating that you know it. Teaching is reminding others that they know just as well as you. You are all learners, doers and teachers.Thomas H. HuxleySit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever or whatever abysses nature leads, or you will learn nothing.

International law in the contemporary world arena Essay

International law in the contemporary world arena - Essay Example t the international level, and traditionally this era is viewed as one in which the League lacked any formal means to enforce decisions related to violations of international law outside of the voluntary agreement of sovereign nations themselves. The League of Nations had a â€Å"Permanent Court of Justice† for judicial hearings of matters related to international law that functioned in a similar manner to the International Court of Justice of the UN. â€Å"The establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), the predecessor of the International Court of Justice, was provided for in the Covenant of the League of Nations. It held its inaugural sitting in 1922 and was dissolved in 1946. The work of the PCIJ, the first permanent international tribunal with general jurisdiction, made possible the clarification of a number of aspects of international law, and contributed to its development. Between 1922 and 1940 the PCIJ dealt with 29 contentious cases between States, and delivered 27 advisory opinions.†3 In both the instances of the PCIJ and the ICJ, the constructed nature of international law is evident, as both courts operate with authority and jurisdiction established through the charters of the associated international organizations, the League of Nations and the United Nations. Thus, in joining the larger, international organization, the States themselves agree to the terms and the limitation of sovereignty inherent in the organizations, as well as being bound by the international courts and their enforcement process. However, these organizations must coexist with the a priori of both customary international law and the sovereignty of the nation state domestically, and the traditions may occasionally conflict on matters of interpretation. As Article 38 of the ICJ Statute states: 1. â€Å"The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. internati onal conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.†4 Within this framework, the charters of the UN and League of Nations can both be classified as â€Å"international conventions† under Article 38:1a of the agreement and customary international law. Customary International Law (CIL), as evidenced by â€Å"

Pricing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pricing paper - Essay Example The pricing for these automobiles are determinant with the comfort and luxury they provide (Genat 12). Determinants of the price The main determinants of pricing and demand are fairly similar between the general market and the hybrid market, but differ significantly between vehicle models or brands. Pricing of luxury and non-luxury automobile differs due to this consideration. In particular, it is revealed that a relatively strong partiality for fuel resourcefulness exists in the markets for hybrids cars, some vehicle brands, and automobiles (Thatchenkery 32). This affinity for fuel resourcefulness, however, is characteristically overshadowed by stronger fondness for horsepower, comfort, safety and weight, characteristics that are pessimistically associated to a vehicle’s fuel market. The 2014 Chevrolet Malibu positioned at fifteen out of twenty two affordable midsize vehicles. This ranking is associated with analysis of available reviews and test drives of the car, as well as dependability and protection data. Automotive experts confirm that the 2014 Chevrolet Malibu has a calm and pleasantly designed interior that is built with typically soft-touch materials. Reviewers confirm that the Malibu has relaxed and spacious front seats. These luxury qualities are pricing determinants for such model or products. Chevy enhanced rear passenger room, but detractors claim that the Malibu’s rear seat requires more legroom. Other reliable influences on demand and pricing comprise brand or model-based status, protection ratings, and brand manufacturers, even though the competitive benefit gained by individual nationality over another differs between models (Malibu 1-2). The external pressures on demand incorporated in the hybrid condition boost the model’s descriptive power but do not overshadow the influence of vehicle conditions. However, issues such as convenience-based incentives, environmentalism, median returns, average travel time, and age all ha ve important effects on hybrid demand and pricing, while tax- and cost- based incentives and other demographic issues do not seem to arouse purchase of hybrids. Gas price only income as important if not scheming for environmentalism, which is probable a result of the cross-sectional environment of the data. Recent changes in the supply and demand 2014 Chevrolet Malibu prices are not affected so much by supply and demand since they are customized to targeted consumers. Rebates and incentives are marketing tactics that are used to introduce new models in the market. Rebates are available on 2014 Chevrolet Malibu as promotional tactics. If one is in the market for a novel vehicle, they compare the latest car discounts or incentives being offered at dealerships rate (Malibu 1-2). This keeps car shoppers knowledgeable with frequently updated information on financing offers, cash rebates, and leasing opportunities that are currently accessible on every model and model. Consumers browse ca r rebates and incentives from manufacturer, or vehicle. They compare rebates and incentives on different models. This is a trend shoppers use to ensure they purchase the products at best deal. Rebates on products are marketing and promotion tactics that guide pricing of product to meet desired demands. External Influences External influences are pricing considerations that companies must put into consideration to ensure they attain market share. Details concerning federal

Was the great leap forward Chinas failure to comprehend stalinism Essay

Was the great leap forward Chinas failure to comprehend stalinism - Essay Example Only during the war years he turned his attention to the occupying Japanese imperial army. In all other cases his fight was against either internal opposition or other warlords. Thus he perhaps felt constrained in a peaceful environment. Thus Mao wrote â€Å" War   is the highest form of struggle for resolving contradictions, when they have developed to a certain stage, between classes, nations, states, or political groups, and it has existed ever since the emergence of private property and of classes†. "(Mao, 1936, Selected Works,   Vol. I, p. 180). Part of his psyche can be gauged from the fact that just after gaining power in 1949 he entered the Korean War and also talked of exporting world revolution. After Stalin’s death in 1953 he assumed that the leadership of the communist world would descend on him. When this did not happen he thought of ways to assert his authority so that the communist movement recognized him. He occupied Tibet and waged a border war with India in 1962 and supported Castro at about the same time during the Cuban missile crisis. At home Mao enforced Stalinist concepts in agriculture and industry and he talked of the great leap forward. ... (Jacques, Andrieu (2002) The psychology of Mao, Brussels, Editions Complexe) History records that both the campaigns of Mao the Cultural Revolution and the hundred flowers bloom brought untold hardship to the common man. The policy of a hundred flowers was abandoned forthwith after Mao gauged the mood of his opponents, of whom many were arrested and sent to labor camps for rehabilitation. By launching this campaign of a 100 flowers Mao was able to purge any challenges to his power and dissidents were all eliminated. Jung Chang opined in her book that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was merely a ruse to root out "dangerous" thinking.( Chang, Jung. 1991,Wild swans: three daughters of China. New York: Simon & Schuster.) The great leap forward which started in 1958 was Mao’s attempt to by pass the historical concept of industrialization and development by keeping society in ferment as well. This was different from Stalin who set up a state controlled economy and no mass upheaval in s ociety. Mao assumed that a perpetual revolution was a necessity in the development of China. In this his mind conditioned by decades of war and turmoil made him believe in quick solutions, irrespective of the hardship it could cause to the people Thus he started collective farms and abolished land ownership. The result was disastrous and famine stalked the land as Agriculture production fell to its lowest level. ( Ashton, Basil, Kenneth Hill, Alan Piazza, and Robin Zeitz. "Famine in China, 1958-61." Population and Development Review) He also decided that China needs more iron and thus enforced a scheme where he ordered all peasant houses to be converted to smelters for pig iron. But he erred grievously in

With reference to schizophrenia, how effective is the DSM-IV-TR as a Essay

With reference to schizophrenia, how effective is the DSM-IV-TR as a diagnostic tool - Essay Example Unfortunately, there are no laboratory tests that can diagnose this problem and distinguish from other such problems such as bipolar disorder. For this purpose the American Psychiatric Associations have formulated a manual that can be used by a physician for diagnosis to assess their emotional past and current symptoms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) is the manual used to diagnose mental illnesses. It was first published in the year 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association. This manual has been revised several times, and presently the latest version is referred to as the DSM-IV. The general content of the manual is a list of clinical entities that have been built up and defined by psychiatrists, psychologists and doctors. In fact these people have gathered together to bring out the lists of criteria especially the common signs and symptoms that need to be present for a particular diagnosis to be assigned. This manual uses a multi-axial system of classification. In other words diagnoses of mental illness are made on several different axes or dimensions (Wikibooks, 2008). Diagnosing schizophrenia is hard since there is no single symptom which is exclusive to schizophrenia and there are no perfect tests for the disorder. There are two major systems presently used for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Disease. In general, the diagnosis of any kind of psychological disorder requires evaluation by a trained mental-health professional. This in general is carried out through a systematic interview. Administration of array of personality tests that can even include in some cases, neuropsychological tests, and gathering of background information about the

Should Animals Be Used In Medical Research Essay

Should Animals Be Used In Medical Research - Essay Example According to the paper ‘morality’, ‘rights’ and ‘ethics’ are part of philosophy and not of ‘survival instinct’. Millions of people would have either died or would have lived ill lives if the progress in the medical field was not made. Hence, even though use of animals in medical research is violation of animal rights, it is nothing but a different form of ‘fight or flight’ instinct used by human beings to survive the threat to their lives through diseases and health problems. Hence, human beings have every right to use animals in medical research as they are genetically programmed to ‘survive’ any threat and through any means, as they are the part of the natural system where ‘survival of the fittest’ is an accepted law of nature. This paper gives a strong opinion that a healthy body, mind and a soul are foundation of healthy and happy life of human beings. With advent of machines and computers, the physical exertion of human beings have reduced to a great extend. People have become lethargic, physically inactive and dependent on machines to do most of their work. It concluded that humans would have replaced the animals in laboratories for medical research and would have died unnecessarily. The number of the inventions and the discoveries that were made in the medical world with the help of animals shows how important the use of animals is in the medical research. Sadly, most of the discoveries and inventions were possible only because animals were used in the laboratories and researches. Improvement In Quality And Quantity Of Human Life The development of different methods to cure and prevent diseases in humans and animals, in last 100 years, has been possible because of animal experiments in medical research (Giridharan, Kumar & Muthuswamy, 2000, p.1). In last four centuries, major advances in basic research and medical treatments have been achieved only because of the experiments on animals (Giridharan,

The Matrix Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Matrix Film - Movie Review Example After Neo is unplugged from the Matrix and joins the freed human rebels in the devastated human world, he comes to accept his fate of being the only one to end the war against the machines. The cast can only be described as superb and precise. Keanu Reeves portrays the lead protagonist Neo; Laurence Fishburne is in the noble role of Morpheus; Carrie-Anne Moss portrays Trinity, Neo’s love interest; and Hugo Weaving plays the role of Agent Smith, the main antagonist and rogue sentient computer program whose sole purpose is to prevent the rebellion from spreading or surviving. All of these actors portray their characters exceptionally well. Reeves is convincing as the antisocial, work-by-day-hack-by-night misfit who cannot escape the belief that there is something more to life. Fishburne and Moss are the epitomes of rebel leaders from their cool attitudes to their bold countenances. Weaving wove in seamlessly with the character of Agent Smith, completely owning Smith’s ser ious demeanor and distaste for the human race. The actors truly and thoroughly complement their characters. The Matrix successfully grabs its viewers in every aspect possible, beginning with the immediate jump into the story. Before the opening credits even finish rolling, Trinity is being hunted down by agents and a SWAT team. Within the first fifteen minutes of the film, Neo’s character is introduced, as well as his mission of finding Morpheus, and Trinity’s success at locating Neo to inform him that Morpheus has also been looking for him. As the first half of act one comes to a close, a huge chunk of the storyline has been revealed, leaving viewers hanging on for more. The movie does not leave them waiting for long as the story rushes into Neo’s capture by the agents. While it is a common practice in the film industry to let as many elements as possible harmonize the film, The Matrix goes above and beyond what is average. From costumes to framing and lighting effects, every element is consciously done to enhance the differences between the real world and the computer-generated Matrix, and to help viewers understand the challenges that Neo is facing. In regard to clothing, while in the Matrix, the costumes of the rebels are very futuristic in style, black and sleek; in the real world, the characters wear tattered, ill-fitting clothes. The costumes alone show the blunt dissimilarities between the Matrix and the real world. The Matrix is meant to be a utopia for humans, which, ironically, has caused the real world to crumble, leaving it in nothing short of complete ruins. The choice of framing, primarily the close-ups, allow viewers to become intimate with the characters. This holds especially true in regard to Neo, who is on the receiving end of most close-ups; his fear and uncertainty are evident as we watch him slowly come to accept the truth of the Matrix and the existence of human beings. The remaining close-ups are used to reveal con flict and hardship between the other characters, such as between Morpheus and Neo, Trinity and Neo, and Agent Smith and whichever rebel he is instigating at the time. Towards the end of the film, a medium close-up between Agent Smith and Morpheus, which is one of the greatest conflict-driven scenes of the film, clearly show the struggle that each character is facing in their attempt to free themselves of the Matrix. The choice of

Should Animals Be Used In Medical Research Essay

Should Animals Be Used In Medical Research - Essay Example According to the paper ‘morality’, ‘rights’ and ‘ethics’ are part of philosophy and not of ‘survival instinct’. Millions of people would have either died or would have lived ill lives if the progress in the medical field was not made. Hence, even though use of animals in medical research is violation of animal rights, it is nothing but a different form of ‘fight or flight’ instinct used by human beings to survive the threat to their lives through diseases and health problems. Hence, human beings have every right to use animals in medical research as they are genetically programmed to ‘survive’ any threat and through any means, as they are the part of the natural system where ‘survival of the fittest’ is an accepted law of nature. This paper gives a strong opinion that a healthy body, mind and a soul are foundation of healthy and happy life of human beings. With advent of machines and computers, the physical exertion of human beings have reduced to a great extend. People have become lethargic, physically inactive and dependent on machines to do most of their work. It concluded that humans would have replaced the animals in laboratories for medical research and would have died unnecessarily. The number of the inventions and the discoveries that were made in the medical world with the help of animals shows how important the use of animals is in the medical research. Sadly, most of the discoveries and inventions were possible only because animals were used in the laboratories and researches. Improvement In Quality And Quantity Of Human Life The development of different methods to cure and prevent diseases in humans and animals, in last 100 years, has been possible because of animal experiments in medical research (Giridharan, Kumar & Muthuswamy, 2000, p.1). In last four centuries, major advances in basic research and medical treatments have been achieved only because of the experiments on animals (Giridharan,

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Case Study Example 3.2 The factors that are identified by ATK while constructing the flight risk model include the age and the tenure of the employee in the organization, his marital status and the complexities of this work, relation with the other employees included in the flight risk model, any change seen in the issues that were related with benefits and seasonality. Of these factors, changes seen in the issues that provide the benefits and complexities of the work level contributed the maximum for increased turnover while marital status seemed to be the least important for voluntary turnover for the employees. 3.5 The statistical model introduced in NASA and ATK for calculating the employee turnover might have benefitted the employees there buy it is not necessary the model would do the same for other companies too. The model brought information more about the employees who were found in the bottom lines jobs. There was no information about the other employees in the hierarchy. Besides, there were less analytical skill sets in the model which would be necessary while understanding the work climate in an

Cri Du Chat Syndrome And Causes Biology Essay

Cri Du Chat Syndrome And Causes Biology Essay Most cases of Cri-du-chat syndrome are not the result of an inherited problem. Cri-du-chat syndrome result from a deletion in the DNA molecule that makes up a chromosome. In most cases, this chromosome break will occur in the developing egg or sperm. When this gamete is fertilized, the child will develop cri-du-chat syndrome. The parents, however, do not have the break themselves in any of their other cells. In fact, the break is usually such a rare and random event that it is very unlikely to happen again if the parent has another child. Thus affected people typically have no history of the disorder in their family. Nevertheless, it is possible for a child to inherit a broken chromosome from a parent who also had the disorder. About 10 percent of individuals with Cri-du-chat syndrome will inherit the chromosome abnormality from an unaffected parent. In these cases, the parent carries a chromosomal rearrangement called a balanced translocation, in which no genetic material is gained or lost. Balanced translocations usually do not cause any health problems; however, they can become unbalanced as they are passed to the next generation. Children who inherit an unbalanced translocation can have a chromosomal rearrangement with extra or missing genetic material. Individuals with cri-du-chat syndrome who inherit an unbalanced translocation are missing genetic material from the short arm of chromosome 5, which results in the intellectual disability and health problems characteristic of this disorder. It is estimated that most  cri-du-chat syndrome  cases are the result of de novo deletions (about 80%), some derive from a familial rearrangement (12%), and only a few show other rare cytogenetic aberrations, such as mosaicism (3%), rings (2.4%), and de novo translocations (3%). Gene(s) responsible or implicated in the disorder Cri-du-chat syndrome is quite a rare disorder. It was first identified by the geneticist Jerome Lejeune in 1963 who also discovered the genetic abnormality that causes Down syndrome. Cri-du-chat syndrome is the result of a genetic deletion on chromosome 5. It is believed that this disorder is the result of a faulty mechanism during the development of the egg or sperm. Curiously, in 80 percent of the cases, the chromosome carrying the deletion comes from the fathers sperm rather than the mothers egg. When deletions occur during the formation of an egg or sperm, it is caused by unequal recombination during meiosis. Recombination normally occurs between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis while they are lined up at the metaphase plate. If the pairs of chromosomes dont line up correctly, or if the chromosome breaks arent repaired properly, the structure of the chromosome can be altered. When unequal recombination occurs at this location on chromosome 5, it causes cri-du-chat syndrome. Generally, (80-85%) are due to sporadic de novo deletion of 5p (15.3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 15.2). Approximately 10-15% of cases are the result of the unequal segregation of the parental translocation in which the 5p monosomy is often accompanied by a trisomic portion of the genome. The phenotypes in these individuals may be more severe than in those with isolated monosomy of 5p because of this additional trisomic portion of the genome. In most cases they involve terminal deletions with 30-60% loss of 5p material. Fewer than 10% of patients have other rare cytogenetic aberrations (eg, interstitial deletions, mosaicisms, rings and de novo translocations).   A minority of cases result from one parent carrying a rearrangement of chromosome 5 called a translocation and passing this on to the baby. The occurrence of mosaicism is also a very rare finding, with frequency estimated at about 3% of patients. Chromosomal mosaicism involves a cell line with a 5p deletion and a cell line with a no rmal karyotype or a 5p deletion with  rearranged cell lines Genotype-phenotype studies in  cri-du-chat syndrome  led to the identification of two separate chromosomal regions, hemizygosity that is associated with specific phenotypes. A deletion of 5p15.3 results in the manifestation of a catlike cry, whereas a deletion of 5p15.2 results in the presentation of the other major clinical features of the syndrome. Moreover, a region for speech delay in 5p15.3 has been identified. Population genetics Cri-du-chat is one of the most common syndromes caused by a chromosomal deletion. It affects between 1 in 20,000 and 1 in 50,000 babies The name of this syndrome is French for cry of the cat, referring to the distinctive cry of children with this disorder. The cry is caused by abnormal larynx development, one of the many symptoms associated with this disorder. It usually becomes less noticeable as the baby gets older, making it difficult for doctors to diagnose cri-du-chat after age two. Cri-du-chat is caused by a deletion (the length of which may vary) on the short arm of chromosome 5. Multiple genes are missing as a result of this deletion, and each may contribute to the symptoms of the disorder. One of the deleted genes known to be involved is TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase). This gene is important during cell division because it helps to keep the tips of chromosomes (telomeres) intact. This disorder does not seem to be influenced by race or age of the mother. However, a significant female predominance is observed in affected newborns, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.72:1. Clinical features Babies with cri-du-chat usually are small at birth, and may have respiratory problems. Often, the larynx doesnt develop correctly, which causes the signature cat-like cry. The characteristic cry is perceptually and acoustically similar to the mewing of kittens. This unusual cry is due to both structural abnormalities of the larynx laryngeal hypoplasia and to CNS dysfunction. The appearance of the laryngeal may be normal or may exhibit a range of anatomical abnormalities such as floppy epiglottis, small larynx, and asymmetric vocal cords. However, the cause of this characteristic cry cannot entirely be ascribed to the larynx. It seems that a problem in the brain development most likely at the cranial base play a role in the development of the signature cry of the syndrome. This cat like cry is not a permanent feature, indeed, it usually disappears over time. Furthermore, distinctive external features are generally present too. Patients may have microcephaly, an unusually round face, widely set eyes, a small chin, folds of skin over the eyes, and a small bridge of the nose. There are also several problems that occur inside the body too. A small number of children are born with heart defects, muscular or skeletal problems, hearing or sight problems, and/or poor muscle tone. As they grow, people with cri-du-chat usually have difficulty walking and talking correctly. They may have behavior problems (such as hyperactivity or aggression), and severe mental retardation. If no major organ defects or other critical medical conditions exist, life expectancy is normal. Indeed, with contemporary interventions, the chance of survival to adulthood is possible. Currently, the mortality rate of cri-du-chat syndrome is 6-8% in the overall population. Pneumonia, congenital heart defects, and respiratory distress syndrome are the most common causes of deat h. Pathogenesis (if known) There is no known risk factors that can contribute to the development of this disorder. Doctors most often identify cri-du-chat by the infants cat-like cry. Other signs are microcephaly, poor muscle tone, and mental retardation. However, it is possible to test for cri-du-chat (and other chromosomal abnormalitites) while the baby is still in the womb. There are two ways of doing so. Doctors can either test a tiny sample of tissue from outside the sac where the baby develops (chorionic villus sampling (CVS)), or test a sample of the amniotic fluid (amniocentesis). Optional: Other important section(s) for your disorder Although there is no real treatment for cri-du-chat syndrome, children with the disorder can go through therapy to improve their language skills, motor skills, and to help them develop as normally as possible.

Integrity in Leadership Essay -- Ethical Integrity Essays

Definition of Integrity  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since this paper deals with the idea of integrity in leadership, it is useful to start this paper defining integrity. Webster's dictionary defines integrity as "uncompromising adherence to a code of moral, artistic or other values; utter sincerity, honesty and candor, avoidance of deception, expediency, or shallowness of any kind" Let us exam this definition a bit deeper. The first part of the definition talks of uncompromising adherence. This means that one would always choose the "right" path, regardless of what seems to be more appealing. Take the example of when and when not to lie. A person of integrity would always tell the truth regardless of the situation. The second part of the definition deals with what to avoid. Integrity demands complete openness always. The leader of integrity would never try to knowingly deceive his constituents at any time. The leader would always be open and honest. Theories of Integrity  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different theories of integrity, but this draft will only discuss two. The first, Integrity of Self Interests, will deal with integrity as it pertains to a leader's best course of action for himself. The second, Integrity of Utility, will deal with integrity as it pertains to the best course for the population. Integrity of Self Interests  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is it better to lie or tell the truth. Trying to analyze this question using the theory of self-interests would depend upon which choice would give the best results for the leader. This is the underlying theme for the theory of self interests. There are two basic formulas that can be used when trying to determine what is moral, and they are: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should choose the action(s) that we feel, with good reason, will benefit us more than any other choice 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should choose the action(s) that are in our best interests, or that we prefer for the best perceived outcome These two formulas can be implemented when making any decision. If you feel something will benefit you, or that you prefer one choice over another, then that choice is a choice of integrity of self interest. To illustrate this better, let us go back to the earlier example of when to lie. By applying either of these two formulas, lying can be considered moral. If lying were either in our best interests or one perceives it to result in the best outcome, than it is ... ...es not have to be a good leader. Conclusion There are many theories on integrity, but this draft focused on using two, the theories of self-interest and utility. These are the two theories a leader can use when trying to make an ethical decision. The constituents prefer the theory of utility because it ensures the best result for the most people. However the leader may sometimes prefer the theory of self-interests. The only relevance integrity has to leadership, is in choice. If a leader is not felt to have integrity, he is less likely to be chosen as a leader. However once in power, integrity does not really make a difference. Effectiveness does not depend on integrity. As stated earlier, Bill Clinton has been considered one of the most effective Presidents in the history of the United States, but he is not considered moral, especially after the Lewinski scandal came to light. Using the different criteria under the theories of first self-interest, then utility, one could try to answer the question of Clinton?s best course of action. In other words, using the outlined decision making processes, was it the best decision to admit the affair with Monica Lewinski to the public?

Household Fuel Project :: essays research papers

The UNJLC mission to the greater Darfurs and assessment of UN/NGO interest and commitment to launch an ITDG project promoting manufacture of fuel-efficient stoves from locally available organic materials by IDP camp women thus, reducing firewood consumption by 40%, has been concluded. Project proposal development responsibility were delegated to the Fuel and Energy Development Groups (F&EWD) established during the mission's visit to El Fasher, Nyala and Geneina comprising a cross section of UN and NGO partners. UNJLC and ITDG Khartoum organization management, structure and process flow discussions were concluded since the last bulletin-reporting period resulting in a formalized and systems approach that demarcates service provider and NGO stakeholder responsibility levels and assists F&EWGs in development of geographic specific project proposals, which thereafter will be forwarded by the field directly to ITDG Khartoum for compilation and presentation to DFID in accordance with donor conditions. Preliminary dissemination of road-map guidelines coinciding with inter-agency meeting in El Fasher are undergoing final revision for broad electronic dissemination to all locations by 23 September. Other significant contributions include the launching of an F&EWG inter-agency 100 household surveys in Nyala comprising World Vision, as focal point covering Kalma and Otash camps. Save the Children UK will commence survey work in Manawashe, Mushing and Duma while IRC covers Kass. Surveys are based upon data standardization mission recommendations and will capture trend information (i.e. distances currently travelled by women collecting firewood compared with 3 months ago) and gender based threat data (incidence, periodicity of risk/threat factors) and solicits GBV risk/mitigation recommendations from respondents. Data capture fields of wood fuel consumption, access, collection methods, meals preparation related to fuel availability supplement the survey's format. 13 UN and NGO partners forming the consortium of F&EWG with HelpAge nominated as focal point are concurrently carrying out a similar 100 household survey in Geneina.

Master Budget Preparation

(Master budget preparation) Sopchoppy Company manufactures a red industrial dye. The company is preparing its 2000 master budget and has presented you with the following information. 1. The December 31, 1999, balance sheet for the company is shown below. SOPCHOPPY COMPANY Balance Sheet December 31, 1999 AssetsLiabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Cash $ 5,080 Notes Payable $ 25,000 Accounts Receivable 26,500 Accounts Payable 2,148 Raw Materials Inventory 800 Dividends Payable 10,000 Finished Goods Inventory 2,104 Total Liabilities $ 37,148 Prepaid Insurance 1,200 Common Stock $100,000Building $300,000 Paid-in Capital 50,000 Accumulated Depreciation (20,000) 280,000 Retained Earnings 128,536 278,536 Total Liabilities and Total Assets $315,684 Stockholders’ Equity $315,684 2. The Accounts Receivable balance at 12/31/99 represents the remaining balances of November and December credit sales. Sales were $70,000 and $65,000, respectively, 3. Estimated sales in gallons of dye for January through May 2000 are shown below. January 8,000February 10,000 March 15,000 April 12,000 May 11,000 Each gallon of dye sells for $12. 4. The collection pattern for accounts receivable is as follows: 70 percent in the month of sale; 20 percent in the first month after the sale; 10 percent in the second month after the sale. Sopchoppy expects no bad debts and no customers are given cash discounts. 5. Each gallon of dye has the following standard quantities and costs for direct materials and direct labor: 1. 2 gallons of direct material (some evaporation occurs during processing) @ $0. 80 per gallon $0. 6 1/2 hour of direct labor @ $6 per hour 3. 00 Variable overhead is applied to the product on a machine-hour basis. It takes 5 hours of machine time to process 1 gallon of dye. The variable overhead rate is $0. 06 per machine hour; VOH consists entirely of utility costs. Total annual fixed overhead is $120,000; it is applied at $1. 00 per gallon based on an expected annual capacity of 120,000 gallons. Fixed overhead per year is composed of the following costs: Salaries $78,000 Utilities 12,000 Insurance—factory 2,400 Depreciation—factory 27,600Fixed overhead is incurred evenly throughout the year. 6. There is no beginning inventory of Work in Process. All work in process is completed in the period in which it is started. Raw Materials Inventory at the beginning of the year consists of 1,000 gallons of direct material at a standard cost of $0. 80 per gallon. There are 400 gallons of dye in Finished Goods Inventory at the beginning of the year carried at a standard cost of $5. 26 per gallon: Direct Material, $0. 96; Direct Labor, $3. 00; Variable Overhead, $0. 30; and Fixed Overhead, $1. 00. 7.Accounts Payable relates solely to raw material. Accounts Payable are paid 60 percent in the month of purchase and 40 percent in the month after purchase. No discounts are given for prompt payment. 8. The dividend will be paid in January 2000. 9. A n ew piece of equipment costing $9,000 will be purchased on March 1, 2000. Payment of 80 percent will be made in March and 20 percent in April. The equipment will have no salvage value and has a useful life of three years. 10. The note payable has a 12 percent interest rate; interest is paid at the end of each month.The principal of the note is paid off as cash is available to do so. 11. Sopchoppy’s management has set minimum cash balance at $5,000. 12. The ending Finished Goods Inventory should be 5 percent of the next month’s needs. This is not true at the beginning of 2000 due to a miscalculation in sales for December. The ending inventory of raw materials should be 5 percent of the next month’s needs. 13. Selling and administrative costs per month are budgeted to be 30 percent of each month’s sales. Of that amount, 50 percent is depreciation.These costs are paid in cash as they are incurred. 14. Prepare a master budget for each month of the first quarte r of 2000. a. sales budget with expected cash collections, including the accounts receivable for the next quarter b. production budget c. purchase budget with expected cash payments, including the accounts payable for the next quarter d. direct labor budget e. manufacturing overhead budget f. finished goods ending inventory budget g. selling and administrative budget h. cash budget i. balance sheet j. income statement

Classical argument structure Essay

Establish qualifications. Note your authority on the subject. Establish a common ground. â€Å"I have your best interests in mind, etc† Helps the audience believe your argument. Demonstrate fairness. Acknowledge opposing ideas without disagreeing. Note the introductions. Include at least one of the above. Following must be used. Announcement of subject. (problem your essay addresses) General topic (area within subject) Specific topic (issue related to general topic) Thesis statement- last sentence of introduction. Thesis statement is- Your personal definition, what you are defining, what you think the subject is, why you think that. Background One paragraph. Format- Formal definition, description, differences. ONLY include the most relevant. Topic sentence (Chopping mall is a film made in 1986) Descriptions- (explain that definition in detail) film, robots/lasers, mall, etc Limited Info directly related to the formal definition and your definition. Exclude and that doesn’t. Beneficial- info that supports/agrees with your position. Lines of argument Normal body essay, standard paragraph structure, three paragraphs. Supports your position. Reasons for your definition, different modes, one mode and key feature per LOA. Explanations Your explanations, ideas, words. How examples supports your definition. Uses mode-based evidence. Explain for explanation. People, places, events for narrative. Etc. Majority of paragraph. Rebuttal- One paragraph Two different possibilities. 1. Introduce opposing argument Formal/another definition Explain why that position is wrong, why your position is better Why your definition is distinct from the other Or 2. Predict opposition to your argument. Why they think you are wrong Explain why that opposition is wrong, unnecessary, etc Conclusion One paragraph Restate thesis Summarize your argument. Thesis statement, background, lines of argument, rebuttal, conclusion Classical argument structure = outline Intro (one paragraph) announcement of subject, topic (general) and topic (specific) your definition (thesis) Background (one paragraph) formal definition and description, difference between formal and personal Lines of argument (three paragraphs) same feature per paragraph, different mode per paragraph, explain. Rebuttal (one paragraph) their definition/opposition and why it’s wrong Conclusion- restate main ideas of argument. Planning for argument- set up structure, fill in details. Definition Prewriting Name: Olivia Newton Main Idea and Thesis Statement (Do not proceed to any other portion of this assignment until you have completed this entire section) Subject – Leadership Claim – (Leadership is about) It is important not to overlook the true meaning of leadership or what leadership is about Controlling Idea – Leadership is about having people stand with you rather than be intimidated to follow you. Tentative Thesis Statement – Leadership is not about pressuring people to follow you, but about encouraging others to stand with you. Background Paragraph Formal definition – The dictionary describes leadership as â€Å"the state of being in a leadership role.† Explain formal definition – Rather than describing the traits of good leadership, the definition for leadership has become a stereotypical position that literally anybody could fill. Anybody could fill a leadership role, but not everyone should. Distinguish your definition from formal – Anyone can be a leader according to the definition, but true leadership is made an example by so few. In today’s society leadership positions such as restaurant managers and political leaders are maintained through intimidation and conniving, however such positions should be corrected to follow the true definition of leadership. These positions should focus on compromising and taking well-calculated risks. Line of Argument 1 In what mode will you describe it? (Explanation, example, process, comparison, etc.) Classification Rewrite controlling idea from thesis – Leadership is about having people stand with you rather than be intimidated to follow you. Tentative topic sentence – (give 3 example of a good leader.) Activist, and civil-rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. fits the position of a true leader because of his selfless fight for racial equality and his ability to unite people in non-violent protest. Describe this feature using the mode you selected from the previous question. Line of Argument 2 In what mode will you describe it? (Explanation, example, process, comparison, etc.) Explanation Rewrite controlling idea from thesis – Leadership is about encouraging others to stand with you Tentative topic sentence – Positive outcomes are results of positive leadership, for example a leader who cannot unite a group would be unable to fit the definition of true leadership. Describe this feature using the mode you selected from the previous question. Line of Argument 3 In what mode will you describe it? (Explanation, example, process, comparison, etc.) Process Rewrite controlling idea from thesis – Leadership is about having people stand with you rather than be intimidated to follow you. Tentative topic sentence – To become a good leader you must first come to an understanding that the needs of the group you lead come first. Describe this feature using the mode you selected from the previous question. Rebuttal (Choose one) Option 1 – Address opposing argument Leadership is a person who commands others and is the primary person in charge of everything. Introduce another definition – Leadership is about delegating tasks, compromising when needed, and occasionally allowing the group to make a democratic decision. Explain why yours is better – History. Adolf Hitler, a brilliant leader, was despised throughout the world because of his totalitarian (total control) and cruelty towards outsiders. Rather than settling things democratically, his word was law. However, MLK was beloved, and his leadership style was effective without the use of violence or intimidation. Option 2 – Predict opposition Why readers should not oppose your definition – The hollow definition of leadership has become a common basis for what leadership really is in today’s society. Tyranny is poor leadership given by a person is a solid position. Qualities of a good leader are absent in the dictionary definition of leadership, but should be accounted for by all leaders

Discrimination And Prejudice

Prejudice is a term which is used in most of our daily conversations and means unconfirmed or untested formed belief, attitude, opinion or knowledge held about an entity or a group and it is taken as truth by the person or groups who holds such opinion, belief, attitude or knowledge, (Honey, 1999). A typical example is the belief of the western countries that Africans are primitive and nothing good comes from them. This statement qualifies as prejudice since no test has since been carried out to confirm this claim even though most western community widely accepts it.Another example to elaborate further prejudice is an opinion by Christian community that both Muslims and Hindus are sinners, not worthy of heavenly inheritance. The same is also the typical opinion held against Christians by adherents to other religious groups. This statement propagates prejudice since it is not true that following a different religious belief makes people bad. Final example in this category is the belie f by a group of people that Muslims are terrorists. Is it confirmed?Discrimination on the other hand is a term widely used to mean a process of according unequal treatment or chance to different individuals, group of people, objects or events based on the views held on them. In this case therefore, the factors about which positive view(s) is/are held have higher probability of being given favorable treatment as opposed to those factors about which negative attitudes are held. By the same token, to discriminate refers to an act of giving unequal treatment to an entity or group with presume similar characteristics, (Cochran, 1999).For instance, the belief that Africans are primitive may influence someone from western countries to prefer an American as his/her personal doctor over an African medical specialist. A faithful Christian is most is likely to appreciate neither Hindu nor Islamic faith and vise versa. Finally, most Muslims may not be given visa to most countries as other natio nals have access to this document with ease. It therefore follows that discrimination and prejudice are two interrelated words with prejudice possibly resulting to discrimination Discrimination and Prejudice Discrimination is easiest explained through prejudice. Prejudice is when a social subject holds a preconceived notion about another person or a group of people, without judging from experience. Discrimination is when a social subject acts upon such preconceived notions. A common mistake is the concept that both prejudice and discrimination are only negative, as in a derogative notion of someone (such as the treatment many minorities were subjected to), but, in truth, positive discrimination and prejudice are both possible, if there is a preconceived notion in favor of someone.Both of these notions are those of inequality, the difference between them being in thought as opposed to action of any kind. In fact, it's possible to be prejudiced and not discriminate, out of such things as fear or profit, and it is possible to discriminate for the same reasons and not be prejudiced. Though, most commonly, it is those who are biased who discriminate, and those who are-non biased give equal tr eatment to their peers from different groups.There are three types of discrimination, based mostly on the level of social deepness. There is personal discrimination, which consists of any personal attack on a minority member, from slurs to murder. This is any attack on the personal level, any interaction of particular human beings. An instance of such an attack would be calling a transgendered human spawn of Satan. There is legal discrimination, which is when a minority group is denied any kind of rights – public institutions, jobs, housing and anything social, basically.Any person who has ever been denied a job because â€Å"blacks do not work as well as whites do† (without looking at the prior credentials) knows what legal discrimination is like. And, finally, the most deeply entrenched in society is institutional discrimination. This is when there is a tradition of discrimination so deep that it is no longer viewed as discrimination, where a discriminatory idea is s o old and seemingly natural, that even members of the minority group themselves sometimes believe it.A great example is that â€Å"Romani are thieves†. Despite all cultural tradition, if this stereotype weren't upheld by society, building walls on their side of the Romani self-chose seclusion, their way of life might have changed over the centuries, like it did with many other peoples. There are four basic approaches to the matters of aging within society. The first is the functionalist approach, otherwise known as social disengagement theory.It looks upon the withdrawal of elders from society as natural, since they gradually lose social power, and thus remove themselves from social responsibilities as to make room for youth in functional aspects, while retaining the ability to engage in activities of their choosing, such as hobbies, should they so desire. However, the activity (or interactionist) theory disputes the functionalist approach, by claiming that the more active an elderly person remains, the better their quality of life. They may disengage from responsibilities, but remaining active is necessary for a full life even in this age.Research supports this, despite criticisms that this may set unrealistic goals for the elderly. Their capacity for activity does lessen, but activity remains a basic need for happiness, and needs to be fulfilled, even in this reduced amount. But if the elderly are happier if engaged in activities, why do they disengage? Conflict theory states that, since profit is the driving force behind society, there is much pressure on the elderly to leave their positions, so that younger, less expensive and more competent specialists may be hired, the elderly losing social value as time goes on.This seems more correct than the subculture approach, which states that the elderly, while disengaging with those younger, form subcultures among themselves to compensate. While subcultures may be formed, they are not the defining factor f or the disengagement, but rather, one of its consequences. And last, the exchange theory on aging combines all of these perspectives, by stating that the elderly remain active socially (and thus, happy) as long as their activity is beneficial to all involved.By â€Å"beneficial† they do not mean only economic benefits, but also the exchange of simple human feelings such as love, friendship and compassion, though some elderly people remain engaged economically (for instance, by renting rooms in their homes), and thus allow themselves the possibility of social interaction. This also includes the functionalist perspective, for it shows how rewards are given in return for past productivity. This is the most comprehensive approach.