Feminism, Gender Roles Madame Bovary, By Gustave Flaubert

INTRO TO CONCEPT OF FEMINISM, GENDER ROLES Madame Bovary, by Gustave Flaubert, was one of the most significant novels during the period of the French Revolution. This work of art was one of the most provoking of its time due to its unromantic nature, which was very eccentric compared to his contemporaries. Instead of centering this literary work on romanticism, Flaubert depicted adultery and literary theories such as feminism. These aspects of literature were not common in France, and were taboo at the time. Flaubert constructed this work to represent his perception of the French society through the characters in Madame Bovary. Flaubert allows the reader to observe the routines and the psychology of the characters in correlation to the setting of the novel. Madame Bovary gives the realistic view of the French way of life for a woman at this time with a feministic approach. However, although Flaubert depicts feministic theory in Madame Bovary, one can research more historical facts about feminism in France during time frame th at the work was published. The origination of French feminism begins with the French Revolution. Prewar, French were null of political rights and were considered passive citizens; they had to depend on men to make decisions for them. Women were expected to play their traditional roles: the wife, mother and housekeeper. However, during the French Revolution women gained several important responsibilities, and played critical roles of patriotism.Show MoreRelatedCritical Theory2567 Words   |  11 PagesChoose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories’ application. In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and disadvantages, when applied. For this, Feminism and Post-Colonialism will be used, as both theories unite in their aim to deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal and imperialistic ‘white European male ’ dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of colonization, subordinationRead MoreCritical Theory2551 Words   |  11 PagesChoose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories’ application. In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and disadvantages, when applied. For this, Feminism and Post-Colonialism will be used, as both theories unite in their aim to deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal and imperialistic ‘white European male ’ dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of colonization, subordination

Christianity And Its Impact On The United States - 1448 Words

Christianity in the Commonplace Since before the United States was founded, the ideals of Christianity have been integrated into the government in some way, shape, or form. In the early days of the Colonies, Christianity was the centerfold for all government affairs; however, after the constitution was ratified and deemed effective in the United States, the First Amendment was born. The first amendment states that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (source). In the early life of the United States, the†¦show more content†¦Lehman Institute claims that he was a skeptical man, but one theme stood out to him, â€Å"God is so great, I am so small.† The Constitutional Convention was held over the course of three months, starting in May and ending in September; during the convention, delegates from the states came to debate on governmental issues concerning the Constitution (University of Missouri- Kansas City). During the convention, Franklin wrote to George Washington, who was president at the time, â€Å"I therefore beg leave to move, that henceforth prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before we proceed to business, and that one or more of the Clergy of the City be requested to officiate in that service† (wb) â€Å"In response to Franklin s appeal, Virginia s Mr. Randolph offered a counter proposal. He recommended that a ‘sermon be preached at the request of the convention on the 4th of July, the anniversary of Independence, thence forward prayers be used in ye Convention every morning’† (Ferrand pg. 451). Once t he request was granted, a chaplain prayed every morning before beginning the transactions of business for the day. The term â€Å"a wall of separation between church and state† first came from Thomas Jefferson, himself, in a response letter to Danbury Baptist association’s letter of concern regarding the church’s insecurity stemming from that with the new constitution in effect, theyShow MoreRelatedChristianity And Its Impact On The World And The United States1345 Words   |  6 PagesIn the last few hundred years there have been three new views on Christianity to take root in society and impact the world and they were; Neo-Orthodox, Evangelism and Liberalism. These three had quite the impact of the faith throughout Europe and the United States. The three had varying ideals, but it some case overlapped. However, Neo-Orthodoxy seems to be the most effective when communicating with Scripture. Liberalism will be the first to be covered in this paper, as well as the most radicalRead MoreRomes Contribution to Todays Society Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagessingle most important contribution to modern society was Romes adoption of Christianity. Christianity, having its foundational roots in Judaism, was born in the midst of the Roman era. It has shaped todays society on many different levels with varying degrees of legal, political and sociological implications. Christianity was an outgrowth of Judaism, one of the three major monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) practiced during the Roman era. Monotheistic beliefs establishedRead MoreReflection On The American Culture1384 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on Class Sources American culture refers to the traditions and practices of the people of the United States. 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Yes so called communistRead MoreReligion : The United States And The European Union1648 Words   |  7 Pagesboth our individual and collective life (Hajizadeh, 2013). Religion plays an integral role in every country whether it is a third-world country, such as some African or Middle Eastern countries, or industrialized capitalist countries like the United States and the European Union. Over the past few decades many global events have brought religion’s growing influence over society, especially its role in affecting politics (Hajizadeh, 2013). The biggest religious event/influence in recent years wouldRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1287 Words   |  6 Pageswas a social reformer, statesman, orator and writer in the United States. Douglass believed in the equality of every individual of different races, gender or immigrants. In this book, Douglass narrated the life of a slave in the United States into finer details. This paper will give a description of life a slave in the United States was living, as narrated through the experiences of Fredrick Douglass. Life of a slave in the United States The narrative begins by informing the readers that slavesRead MoreAmerican Grace : How Religion Divides And Unites Us912 Words   |  4 Pagesby Robert Wuthnow, give different thoughts to religion and politics in the United States. Putnam and Campbell utilize the concepts of shocks and aftershocks to highlight religious changes in the United States. On the other hand, Wuthnow uses observations to focus on the encounters of religious diversity in the United States. Wuthnow compares American Christianity with other popular religions in America and how Christianity has affected the perception of religion. Putnam and Campbell’s â€Å"American Grace:Read MoreA Short Note On The Edict Of Milan873 Words   |  4 Pages After the fascinating discoveries from Marco Polo, another event that was significant throughout Western Civilization is the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan was a declaration that permanently established religious tolerance for Christianity within the Roman Empi re. The outcome of the political agreement concluded, of course, in Milan, between emperors of Constantine I and Licinius, in February 313. The declaration, was made for the East by Licinius, granting all people the freedom of any religionRead MoreThe Protestant Denomination Of The United States1656 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity is one of the many religions practiced most vigorously in the United States. Being the most observed, it ranks at Eighty-three percent (83%) of the national religious population, says Gary Langer from ABC news. Although the Christian community reeks of dominance through their vast diversity in denominations, their large presence ironically also poses as one of the many reasons why it stands just equally as polarized and counterproductive. By the 1830s, the Protestant denomination whichRead MoreIslam’S Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Religion . Since The1469 Words   |  6 Pagescompared to most. Christianity is one of the biggest and most known religions in modern day. However, if we compare the two we can see that they are different, but similar in many aspects and backgrounds. Comparing the two will entail a better understanding on the importance, impact, and approaches that one can pursue to better define Islam and Christianity’s impact in modern day. First, understanding the background and core of Islam is vital to better understating its development and impact. Islam was

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Dilemma of Older Women

Question: Describe about the Clinical Psychology and Gerontology for the Dilemma of Older Women. Answer: 1. Feminization of ageing refers to the dilemma of older women, which is exacerbated by a lifetime discrimination based on gender. The nature of the ageing women is such that the women have a tendency to survive longer in comparison to men. The feminization of ageing syndrome in Singapore is prevalent and is a rising issue with respect to the health and social services (Thang, 2014). In Singapore, the older women are not sufficiently prepared for old age. In Singapore, the roles based on gender, performance and outcomes of health are formed by societal, political, economic and cultural factors in comparison to the biological factor alone. Numerous data have revealed that, approximately women in the world survive longer in comparison to the men in Singapore (DiGiacomo et al., 2013). It has been observed that older men get married to younger women and as a result of this, the women are expected to live longer due to the death of their partners and this leads them to live in old age hom e as widows in Singapore. This makes them helpless and due to this, their health deteriorates. In Singapore, several older women are are facing inequities associated with health and are frequently imperceptible within the discourse of the policy of ageing. The reasons of feminization of ageing in Singapore include the traditional practices that are associated with widowhood and lead the older women to encounter violence and mistreatment. It poses a risk to the health as well as being (Jain, Koolwal Goel, 2016). In Singapore, an elderly woman living alone may not make out how or where to access the health care and services of welfare alone. Further, a woman who typically survives longer is more likely to experience disadvantages in accessing food, education, health care, work, political autonomy and social security over her life as compared to a man (Buys, 2014). The reasons of feminization of ageing in Singapore include the collective disadvantages, which indicate that the older women are more expected to be poor as compared to men. In addition, the older women are also probable to suffer from disabilities and encounter social disadvantages (Phua, 2014). In Singapore, population ageing is predominantly rapid in case of women, which results in feminization of ageing due to lower mortality rates in the population of women (Shankardass, 2016). The older women who live alone in this country do not have sufficient resources and support and the most important reason, which makes them to live like this, is increase longevity. In a majority of residential aged care facilities, there is more number of women as compared to the men and they have distinctive concerns and issues. Approximately, in not less than thirty-five countries, women have a life expectancy of more than eighty years (Jain, Koolwal Goel, 2016). They had to face the ultimate challenges, as most of them do not have sufficient support as well as resources. Due to this, they are not able to manage their own expenses of living. Women are adversely affected by widowhood in terms of their mental and physical health conditions. An older woman living alone is more probable to be at r isk to experience social isolation, loneliness together with lack of societal support (Arun ak?ro?lu-evik, 2013). The self-determination theory deals with the motivation as well as personality of humans, which involves the individuals inbuilt tendency of growth as well as psychological needs. This theory is concerned with enthusiasm and supports the natural tendencies of humans for behaving in effectual as well as healthy ways (DiGiacomo et al., 2013). It involves the motivation behind the peoples choices, which they make without any interference or external influence. This theory can explain the resilience and resourcefulness of older woman living in Singapore more effectively. In older women of Singapore, a view of their present life conditions can be expressed by means of resilience (Thang, 2014). The older women in Singapore are expected to possess the ability of regaining the functioning level at which they were operating before any challenge. Resilience can be defined as the capability of maintaining and regaining sufficient levels of functioning in terms of threats and losses. It consists of the resources, which can be activated during stress for aiding to return to the former state prior to trauma or stress. The self-determination theory can also demonstrate their life as children and younger females (Buys, 2014). In older women of Singapore, a number of processes associated with them have an influence on their capacity to adapt with respect to their age. Several aspects of the psychological sphere of influence are concerned with resilience and resourcefulness in older woman (Phua, 2014). It has been indicated by a number of researches that the older women whose possess a multi-faceted self-sense such as using several self-associated processes like adjustment of goals and social comparison are not greatly affected by depression or physical condition (Shankardass, 2016). Several studies have reported that the older women utilize different self-protective mechanisms for maintaining their views and feelings concerning themselves. It has also been reported by a number of researchers that the determination of women enables them to remain strong in spite of the depressing circumstances (Phua, 2014). The older women possess the ability of transcending the hardships in their lives through caring relat ionships and forgiveness (DiGiacomo et al., 2013). 2. The level of stress experienced by two family caregivers of an elderly person above 65 years has been assessed by Zarit Burden Interview- 22-item scale. It consists of questions that are associated with the level of stress which is experienced by the family caregiver who provide are to the elderly person over 65 years. The two family givers has been provide with the questionnaire of the Zarit Burden Interview-2 scale and were told to give their individual responses. The responses of the two individuals have been provided in the appendix section. One of the two family care givers has reported that he is suffering from higher levels of stress and depression while providing care to the elderly individual. On the other hand the second person does not feels that he is overburdened and is suffering from depression while provide care to the elderly patient. It has also been reported by the researchers that, there is a dramatic enhancement in the risk of consequences of mental health among the individuals who spends more than 36 hours in a week in providing care to the elderly person. According to the first individual, it is not less burdening as he is also suffers from physical and mental problems while providing care to the elderly person. He has reduced levels of happiness and comfort in comparison to their neighbors who do not have any elderly person in their home. A number of studies have reported the individuals who are involved with the caregiving of the elderly person have an increased propensity of developing serious illnes s and a weakened immune system that leads to recurrent infection and enhanced risk of other diseases (Richardson et al., 2013). The caregivers are less probable of being engaged in protective behaviors of health. The spouses who provided care to their counterparts more than thirty-six hours a week, are somewhat more probable to acquire the habit of smoking and consuming additional saturated fat (Ostwald et al., 2015). It has been reported by nearly 70% of the caregivers that they did not go the doctor as required by the elderly person and more than 56% of the caregivers have missed the appointments. One of the caregivers has reported that the procedure of caregiving has made his physical health worsened. Few days back, the other caregiver has exhibited an exaggerated cardiovascular response towards the stressful conditions which is putting the caregiver at an enhanced risk. It has also been reported by one of the caregivers that he is using is psychotropic drugs in order to get relief from the stress which is being experienced by him on a daily basis while providing care to the elderly patient. The family caregivers possess a greater risk to develop high levels of aggression in comparison to the non-caregivers (Padierna et al., 2013). The higher rates of the symptoms of depression along with problems of mental health among the caregivers, together with the fatigue of caring for the elderly, who are not capable of performing the activities of daily living, put several caregivers at a severe risk for the outcomes of poor health (Hou et al., 2013).Certainly, the effect of giving ca re to the elderly person can result in enhanced in healthcare requirements of the caregiver (Caqueo-Urzar et al., 2014). According to one of the two caregivers, he is suffering from a physical stress while providing care to the elderly as the elderly person is not able to walk and take bath on his own. The second caregiver feels positive as he is having a sense of contentment for a number of reasons like observing the improvements in the health of elderly person, fulfilling a responsibility of being a son and caring for his parent. The association between satisfaction and physical care is has been explored by a number of researchers among middle-aged children caring for their aged parents in late life (Walsh, 2015). It has been found that the satisfaction level is reduced as the level of physical care gets increases (Bakas Burgener, 2015). In some of the cases, it has been observed that the caregivers are not prepared for providing care and possess insufficient knowledge for delivering proper care to the elderly person (Richardson et al., 2013). In addition, the healthcare professionals give limited help to the caregivers to manage their duties of giving care to the elderly person. Several studies have reported that the individuals who are involved with caregiving of the elderly person have an increased tendency of developing serious illness. One of the biggest challenges, which they face, involves the interaction with the doctors and the nurses in the hospital settings when the elderly person is hospitalized and at the time of discharge (Roth, Fredman Haley, 2015). Besides all these, the caregivers do no find time for themselves as most of the time they are busy in taking care of the elderly person. A research outlook has stated that around forty percent to seventy percent of family caregivers suffer from severe depr ession (Li, Mak Loke, 2013). This stress has the potential to reduce the life expectancy of the care givers by ten years. The caregivers are less likely of being engaged in protective behaviors of health. The caregivers of a family have a greater risk for developing higher levels of anger in as compared to the non-caregivers (Padierna et al., 2013). The higher rates of the depressive symptoms together with problems of mental health among the caregivers, and the fatigue associated with the care of the elder persons, who does not possess the ability to perform the activities of daily living, put numerous caregivers at a serious risk for the outcomes of poor health (Caqueo-Urzar et al., 2014). The burden of caregiving together with strain has been associated with the poor healthy condition of the caregiver, high use of drugs and increased risks in health behaviours (Bakas Burgener, 2015). It has been reported by several researchers that the caregivers poses a risk foe experiencing sl eep disturbances, fatigue and reduced functioning of the immune system (Richardson et al., 2013). In my opinion, the Zarit Burden Interview is easy to use as from it, the caregivers responses can be known with respect to the process of providing care to the elderly person. ZBT is a popular self-report of the caregiver which is used by a several ageing agencies. In my opinion, it questions has helped me in knowing the response of the two individuals in terms of care giving to the elderly person. Between the two family caregivers, one of them has scored high in the interview and can be referred to the NTUC Eldercare Singapore (Li, Mak Loke, 2013). It has been established in the year 1999 and it provides eldercare services that reasonable to the individuals who earn a limited income. It serves as a place where the elderly persons can be provided care by the professionals. This individual should be referred to this agency since he is not able to take care of the elderly person in a proper manner and he is frustrated as he is not able to concentrate on his career and health needs. Ma ny of the times, he missed the doctors appointments. Hence, he needs to take the elderly patient to this agency so that they can take care of him in an appropriate manner. References Arun, ., ak?ro?lu-evik, A. (2013). Quality of life in an ageing society.Zeitschrift fr Gerontologie und Geriatrie,46(8), 734-739. Bakas, T., Burgener, S. C. (2015). Predictors of emotional distress, general health, and caregiving outcomes in family caregivers of stroke survivors.Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. Buys, Y. M. (2014). Aging and feminization of the physician workforce in Canada: Comparing ophthalmologists to all other physicians.Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology/Journal Canadien d'Ophtalmologie,49(3), 291-296. Caqueo-Urzar, A., Miranda-Castillo, C., Girldez, S. L., Maturana, S. L. L., Prez, M. R., Tapia, F. M. (2014). An updated review on burden on caregivers of schizophrenia patients.Psicothema,26(2), 235-243. DiGiacomo, M., Lewis, J., Nolan, M. T., Phillips, J., Davidson, P. M. (2013). Health transitions in recently widowed older women: a mixed methods study.BMC health services research,13(1), 1. Hou, R. J., Wong, S. S., Yip, B. K., Hung, A. T., Lo, H. M., Chan, P. H., ... Mercer, S. W. (2013). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on the mental health of family caregivers: a randomized controlled trial.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics,83(1), 45-53. Jain, N., Koolwal, A., Goel, A. (2016). Journal of Community Medicine Health Education. Li, Q. P., Mak, Y. W., Loke, A. Y. (2013). Spouses' experience of caregiving for cancer patients: a literature review.International Nursing Review,60(2), 178-187. Ostwald, S. K., Bernal, M. P., Cron, S. G., Godwin, K. M. (2015). Stress experienced by stroke survivors and spousal caregivers during the first year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation.Topics in stroke rehabilitation. Padierna, A., Martn, J., Aguirre, U., Gonzlez, N., Muoz, P., Quintana, J. M. (2013). Burden of caregiving amongst family caregivers of patients with eating disorders.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,48(1), 151-161. Phua, K. H. (2014). Health Systems and Population Ageing in the Asia-Pacific Region: Challenges and Policy Options for the Future. Richardson, T. J., Lee, S. J., Berg-Weger, M., Grossberg, G. T. (2013). Caregiver health: health of caregivers of Alzheimers and other dementia patients.Current psychiatry reports,15(7), 1-7. Roth, D. L., Fredman, L., Haley, W. E. (2015). Informal caregiving and its impact on health: A reappraisal from population-based studies.The Gerontologist, gnu177. Shankardass, M. K. (2016). Women and aging: An international, intersectional power perspective. Thang, L. L. (2014). An Active Ageing Approach to Living Alone: Older Men and Women Living in Rental Flats in Singapore.Gender and Ageing: Southeast Asian Perspectives,229, 198. Walsh, F. (2015).Strengthening family resilience. Guilford Publications.

The Slide Rule Essays - Logarithms, Binary Operations,

The Slide Rule The slide rule is mechanical device used by mostly engineers and scientists for fast and accurate multiplication, division, to find roots and powers, and other simple math problems. It consists of a fixed section with upper and lower parts marked with different logarithmic scales, a center part that slides between the parts of the fixed section and is also marked with scales, and a clear cursor that can be moved to help align the scale marks. The slide rule has almost been totally eliminated because of the 1970's invention of the hand-held electronic calculator. Today it is mostly used by engineers and collected by antique collectors. A basic slide rule from the 1940's that cost thirty dollars at the time would now be worth over two hundred dollars. Most people think that the only type of slide rule is the one that is straight and almost resembles a ruler. There are really three types of slide rules. The first type is the most common one, the Mannheim. This is basically a long stick with a movable centerpiece as well as a movable window, called the center piece, to work out math problems. The second type is the circular slide rule. These are virtually the same as the Mannheim, but bent around in a circle. The cursor is a pair of radial arms that move around the center or origin. The advantage of a circular slide rule is that you can fit a longer scale within a certain area. The third type is the cylindrical slide rule. These are the hardest kind of slide rule to come by and are very rare today. They are also similar to the Mannheim's, but the scales are wrapped around a cylinder. These are the most accurate of slide rules, and also the most expensive, because they are made to be the most precise and have the longest scales to work with. The history of the slide rule dates back to 1614 when John Napier discovered the logarithm. This made it possible to perform multiplication and divisions by addition and subtraction. Even though this was a great time saver, there was still a lot of work required. The mathematician had to look up two logs, add them together, and then look for the number whose log was the sum. Edmund Gunter soon reduced the effort by drawing a number line in which the positions of numbers were proportional to their logs. The scale started at one because the log of one is zero. Two numbers could be added by measuring the distance from the beginning of the scale to one factor with a pair of dividers, then moving them to start at the other factor and reading the number at the combined distance. In 1621, William Oughtred simplified things further by taking two of Gunter's lines and sliding them relative to each other which eliminated the dividers. In the years that followed, other people refined Oughtred's design into a sliding bar held in place between two other bars. The first slide rule in which a sliding scale moved between two fixed sections was made in 1654. Later on, circular and cylindrical slide rules were developed. The cursor appeared on the earliest circular models, but appeared much later on straight versions. By the later 17th century, the slide rule was a common instrument with many different variations. The present form of the slide rule was developed in 1850 by a French army officer, Amedee Mannheim. It was the math tool of choice and was used by everyone from tax collectors to Sir Isaac Newton. By the 20th century, it was especially known as the engineers companion. In college campuses around the world, engineering students could be recognized by the slide rules they carried in leather cases and strapped to their belts. Yet, what commonly happens to most inventions happened to the slide rule. The once great math tool was then almost irrelevant when Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP 35 pocket scientific calculator in the early 1970's. Since then you usually only find slide rules in an engineer's desk or at an antique shop. The basic slide rule instructions start out with multiplying numbers on the slide rule. To multiply

The Meaning of Witchs Cake in the Salem Witch Trials

The Meaning of Witch's Cake in the Salem Witch Trials It was believed that a witchs cake had the power to reveal whether witchcraft was afflicting a person with symptoms of illness.  Such a cake or biscuit was made with rye flour and the urine of the afflicted person.  The cake was then fed to a dog. If the dog exhibited the same symptoms, the presence of witchcraft was proven.  Why a dog?  A dog was believed to be a common familiar associated with the devil.  The dog was then supposed to point to the witches who had afflicted the victim. In Salem Village, in the Massachusetts colony, in 1692, such a witchs cake was key in the first accusations of witchcraft that led to court trials and executions of many who were accused.  The practice was apparently a well known folk practice in English culture of the time. What Happened? In Salem Village, Massachusetts,  in January of 1692 (by the modern calendar), several girls began behaving erratically.  One of these girls was Elizabeth Parris, known as Betty, who was nine years old at the time.  She was the daughter of the Rev. Samuel Parris, the minister of the Salem Village Church. Another was Abigail Williams, who was 12 years old and an orphaned niece of Rev. Samuel Parris, who lived with the Parris family.  They complained of fever and convulsions. The father tried prayer, on the model of Cotton Mather who had written about curing similar symptoms in another case. He also had the congregation and some other local clergy pray for the girls to cure their affliction.  When prayer did not cure the illness, Rev. Parris brought in another minister, John Hale,  and the local physician, William Griggs, who observed the symptoms in the girls, and could find no physical reason. They suggested that witchcraft was involved. Whose Idea and Who Made the Cake? A neighbor of the Parris family, Mary Sibley, recommended the making of witchs cake to reveal whether witchcraft was involved.  She gave directions to John Indian, a slave serving the Parris family, to make the cake.  He collected urine from the girls and then had  Tituba, another slave in the household, actually bake the witchs cake and feed it to the dog that lived in the Parris household. (Both Tituba and John Indian were slaves, most likely of Indian origin, brought to Massachusetts Bay Colony by Rev. Parris from Barbados.) Even though the diagnosis didnt work, Rev. Parris denounced in church the use of this magic. He said it didnt matter if it was done with good intentions,  calling it going to the devil for help against the devil.  Mary Sibley, according to church records, was suspended from communion, then restored when she stood and confessed before the congregation and the people of the congregation raised their hands to show they were satisfied with her confession. Mary Sibley then disappears from the records about the trials, though Tituba and the girls figure prominently. The girls ended up naming those they accused of witchcraft.  The first accused were Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osbourne.  Sarah Good later died in prison and Sarah Good was executed in July.  Tituba confessed to witchcraft, so she was exempted from execution, and she later turned accuser. By the end of the trials early the following year, four accused witches had died in prison, one had been pressed to death, and nineteen were hanged. What Really Afflicted the Girls? Scholars generally agree that the accusations were rooted in a community hysteria, primed by belief in the supernatural.  Politics within the church likely played a part, with Rev. Parris at the center of controversy over power and compensation.  Politics in the colony - at a shaky time, including resolving the colonys status with the King and wars with the French and Indians, likely also played a part.  Some point to controversy over inheritance, especially targeting those who interfered with inheritances.  There were also some old squabbles among community members. All these are credited by some or many historians as playing a part in the unfolding of the accusations and trials.  A few historians have also argued that grain that had been contaminated with a fungus called ergot may have caused some of the symptoms.

7 Tips on How to Write a Reasonable Research Critique

7 Tips on How to Write a Reasonable Research Critique 7 Tips on How to Write a Reasonable Research Critique The major ‘key elements’ when writing a reasonable research critique are the study and criticism that are ultimately performed as well as the writing results. Some very simple tips in the sense of ‘magic rules’ are presented below. Tip #1. The collection of literature is typically gradual. For every book or article that we use, we follow the procedure below. First we perform a diagonal reading to determine the relationship of the text with our subject and the degree of the significance of the text. The evaluation of a text can also be done indirectly from the number of petitions, the size of literature, and the relation to the subject of research in the summary or results. Then we incorporate in our literature, some keywords for grouping related texts. Then they shall be read as references (i.e. fragments). Tip #2. Books are interesting in the early stages, as background reading. The articles show much more interest, because they present research results and because in order to write a research paper you should first read many others. Additionally, conferences articles are interesting when they are very recently written (e.g. 2-3 years maximum). Otherwise, there will probably be plenty of corresponding articles in academic journals by the same authors, which usually are more complete and organized. Tip #3. Articles or book chapters must be selected as the first group of interest together and be evaluated as a whole. In other words, several work teams internationally can be engaged in the same or similar subject, so you must decide what approaches are most interesting for your own work. Tip #4. Keep a brief note stuck on the article so as to remember the criticism you did. This is called horizontal or comparative reading. A good benchmark of research papers in a cognitive domain can be an interesting review article (review paper) especially if it is accompanied by repeatedly deeper criticism; comparison and experimental (or theoretical) results. Tip #5. Eventually, some articles or book chapters which you choose to analyze in depth are left (vertical reading). Such articles should be read carefully and you must try to reproduce their entire theoretical and experimental data. Take special care of them; not be boxed in intentional or unintentional oversights of the authors. There are always less well written articles. Also, you can try to get help from the authors (by e-mail). Besides, many times in the authors website you can find internal research reports, containing the results of articles in an expanded form. Tip #6. Generally, above all these tips, the composition of an article can at least in principle be achieved by ‘loans’ from other articles. ‘Loans’ may be reported on the structure, the experimental methodology, text parts etc. The necessary thing is the full reference to the source from which you got the ‘loan’. Tip #7. Finally, it is clarified that critic thought is inextricably linked to the object of analysis. If you need more professional research paper help online, visit our writing service and get a custom written paper online.

The United States Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The United States Civil War - Essay Example Cultural and social historians felt that it was due to the differences between the civilizations and values. While revisionist historians believed that the issue was slavery.1 Historians do agree that the North wanted to embrace modernity thereby ending slavery while the South efforts were to preserve slavery and its agrarian way of life. Davis, the first president of the Confederate States and Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States; the Union emphasizing strict compliance to the United States Constitution and support for the Union; the Democratic Party was divided into two parties, one representing the North and the other representing the South. Both believing that slavery ought to continue, however, the North thought the federal government had the right to prohibit slavery in territories. Although the Republican Party was anti-slavery, they did not advocate putting an end to slavery but wanted to prevent its expansion into territories that had not yet become states. And the Southern states seceded from the Union and established the Confederate of America when the federal government prohibited the expansion of slavery.2 In the midst of such chaos, why did the South lose the United States Civil War Ned Harrison, a writer in Greensboro, North Carolina, who specializes in military history, thinks the fundamental economic superiority of the North; a basic lack of a military strategy in the way the South fought the war; the Southerners unskilled performance in foreign affairs; the South's lack of a dominating civilian leader; the Confederate Constitution's over-emphasis on individuals' and states' rights and failure to stress the responsibilities of the individual or the state to the federal government and Abraham Lincoln were the reasons why the South lost the Civil war.3 Abraham Lincoln's role as president of the United States during the Civil War was that of a conservative revolutionary. His goal was to conserve the Union as the revolutionary heritage of the founding fathers. Lincoln, a strategist and war leader, was responsible for the Union victory. Lincoln, a superb leadership as president, commander-in-chief and head of the Republican Party, knew and understood the meaning of freedom, the limits of government power and individual liberty in time of crisis and the problems of wartime leadership. Determined, he liberated four million slaves, and overthrew the social and political order of the South.4 James M. McPerson, professor of history at Princeton University, including the Pulitzer Prize-winner of Battle Cry of Freedom, says the Union's extraordinary leadership was the reason why the South lost the Civil War. As the war progressed, Northern military leadership developed a rational strategy for victory which destroyed the Confederate armies and their resource of slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation. The Union's military strategies on the battlefield completely demolished the Confederacy's ability to wage war. And the combined strategic leadership at the political level with Lincoln and the military level with Ulysses Grant, William Sherman, and Philip H. Sheridan resulted in Northern victory. William C. Davis, former editor of Civil War Times Illustrated and author A Government of Our Own: The Making of the Confederacy, says the South lost because

Potential Problems with Illegal Immigration Essay

Potential Problems with Illegal Immigration - Essay Example There is evidence of job competition between natives and immigrants, since the latter are typically employed in jobs shunned by natives (e.g., seasonal agriculture, working with toxic chemicals, etc.) even under conditions of high unemployment among the native-born. The hidden consensus seems to be that expelling the foreigners and their offspring who are already integrated would be too costly and disruptive (Som and Momblanco 2006). Meanwhile, the consolidation of immigrant communities, especially in big cities acts as a magnet for new entrants. For instance, "illegal Mexican immigrants have found good jobs in industries associated with the housing bubble. Large numbers of immigrants work at jobs in the construction, landscaping, and road construction industries" (Thornton, 2007). Some employers prefer to hire illegal foreign workers and some feel that they have no alternative. Wage stagnation is another problem caused by illegal immigrants in the USA. The role of compensation and its effect on wages and on the behavior of the unemployed has been put forward as one of the reasons for higher unemployment levels. Four aspects of unemployment benefit that could affect behavior of jobless workers. These are eligibility conditions; generosity of benefits; duration of benefits; and efforts made by authorities to prevent malingering. Following Jacobe (2006): "the current wage stagnation is a cause of the influx of a huge number of illegal immigrants who violate U.S". The evidence demonstrates that benefits played important role in unemployment and demands additional spending on social services for unemployed population. Illegal immigration becomes a burden for healthcare and health-related services. Following Porter (2006): "While many Americans without health insurance struggle to pay for medical care, U.S. hospitals provide at least $200 million a year in uncompensated emergency medical care to illegal immigrants" (p. 66). Defining needs as rational drives implies a corresponding conception of health. Being a critical concept supporting (or subverting) practical judgments about healthcare practice and health policy, the concept of 'health' is as contested as the concept of 'needs' (Som and Momblanco 2006). The government cannot deprive illegal immigrant a right to receive primary care but it deprives many native citizens healthcare insurance and healthcare services. The policy debate about healthcare needs is a response to conflicting demands on health policy and healthcare resources. Current government practices that disproportionately site municipal and hazardous waste disposal facilities in low -income and minority neighborhoods native citizens with the least access to quality health care. Operatively a basic and adequate standard of health care is the minimum level of care, the core entitlement that should be guaranteed to all members of society. "There is a lack of proportion between the medical resources and the burden of disease and that there is a human right to equal access" (Dwyer 2004, p. 34). Basic health care covers a wide range of common health services needed to maintain, restore, or provide functional equivalents (where possible) to adequate species functioning. It includes at least some preventive, curative, mental health,

Report Education System in Japan Essay Example for Free

Report Education System in Japan Essay Japan has already begun to experience a population decline, with the result that many universities are already having difficulty maintaining their student populations, although entry into top ranks of the universities remains hugely competitive. The emerging and foreseeable trend is that many universities will have to try to attract large numbers of foreigners or diversify or face closure. It is also now said that a university education in Japan is within easier reach of students today, but that the quality of that higher education is now in question despite the many educational reforms that have been set in motion. Each academic year begins in April and comprises of two semesters. Basic general degrees are four-year degrees, a feature adapted from the American system. Undergraduate students receive instruction via the lecture and seminar group method. The general degree may be followed by two-year Masters degrees (generally a combination of lectures and guided research) and then a three year Doctorate (largely based on research) where these are offered. Graduate education in Japan is underdeveloped compared to European countries and the United States with only slightly more than 7 percent of Japanese undergraduates going on to graduate school as compared to 13 percent of American undergraduates. Postgraduate educational offerings are weak and the number of universities offering postgraduate programmes or a wide variety of programmes, is small, compared to that in other industrialized western countries. Japan has about three million students enrolled in 1,200 universities and junior colleges and consequently the second largest higher educational system in the developed world. Japan also has one of the largest systems of private higher education in the world. The 710 odd universities in Japan can be separated into 3 categories: highly competitive, mildly competitive and non-competitive (the schools that are first-tier being the infamously difficult to enter ones). Public universities are generally more prestigious than their private ones with only 25 percent of all university-bound students being admitted to public universities. More than 65 percent of high school graduates continue their studies; of these, over 70 percent are enrolled in private colleges and universities. Only about 10 percent of private institutions receive their financial resources from public funding, with most public funds on higher education being spent on the national and local public universities. Despite the impressive statistics, Japanese universities are considered to be the weakest link in the countrys educational system. While many western writers have, time and time again, attributed the economic success of Japan to the well-educated and highly literate population of Japan, recent writings and studies tend to be far more critical, lamenting the deplorable state and quality of higher education in Japan today. Despite the famed exam rigors and competitiveness, declining standards in education and the high school students lack of interest in studying have lately been under spotlight. Some attribute this disinterestedness to the fact that academic effort no longer assured automatic rewards with the disintegration in the formerly stable and guaranteed lifetime employment system. Japanese students are also widely known to traditionally consider their university days to be a social playground, a reward for the hard work and having made it there, and, as many critics have recently pointed, professors demand relatively little from their students. Despite the institutional change and sweeping national reforms underway in response to these criticisms, the key problems remain unresolved: the pyramidal-structure of the university system and entrance exam wars; the centrally-controlled curriculum and lack of individuality and creativity of students as well as the lack of competitiveness in educational suppliers.

Self-defense in Criminal Cases Essay -- essays research papers

Self-defense in criminal cases. One of the frustrations faced by many businesses is that after the perpetrators of crimes have been identified, the District Attorney's office will not pursue the case. One option is for victims to sue the DA in an attempt to compel him to prosecute, but this would be costly and proving dereliction of duty would be difficult. The DA is effectively immune. Other options are more promising. The law should encourage (and prosecutors' offices should welcome) private preparation of criminal cases. Prosecutors' budgets simply do not allow vigorous prosecution of all the available criminal cases. Logic and evidence show that in private law, plaintiffs win about 50 percent of the cases that are tried. This is because the parties are more likely to settle lopsided cases out of court. Public prosecutors, by contrast, win far more than 50 percent of their trial cases because they have budget constraints and so elect whenever possible to go to court with only the cases they are likely to win. Vi ctims should be allowed to hire private attorneys and other professionals to prepare cases against the accused and thereby extend public prosecutors' resources. The attorneys can be retained pro bono (for the good) or for compensation. This is already done in some white collar cases where financial complexities exceed the prosecutors' expertise, such as complicated embezzlement cases, some oil and gas swindles and cases involving the misapplication of construction trust funds. At present, many cases are never prosecuted for one reason or another. For example, in about 40 percent of federal embezzlement and fraud cases, charges are dropped because of insufficient evidence to convict, given the resources at hand.85 In some instances prosecutors "deputize" attorneys to try cases, too. Many private attorneys have criminal experience as former prosecutors or public defenders. A logical extension of private preparation for trial is the complete privatization of the prosecutor's job by contracting out. Private attorneys, of course, are often appointed on a pro bono basis for criminal defense. Private attorneys could be deputized for a single trial or for ongoing prosecutor's work, either pro bono or under contract. The same remedies are available to finance criminal prosecution as civil litigation. Commercial insurance policies could be exp... ...ting witnesses before a grand jury, or the person being investigated, has become a well orchestrated, even cynical, minuet. The first and most important task may be overcoming the cynicism of so many lawyers in and out of government to whom concern for "fairness" somehow signifies weakness. It is a cynicism that government lawyers should not have the luxury of acting upon. In reality, a commitment to fairness is a highly reliable sign of strength and confidence in the merits of one's position, and it is usually those who fear the fairness of the forum who most fear outcomes based on merit. Recently, a controversy has erupted over whether Justice Department lawyers are bound by state codes of ethics and analogous local federal court rules of practice. The issue stems from rules that restrict contact by lawyers with parties known to be represented by counsel, including corporate parties. In essence, the government is seeking to exempt its own lawyers from state and federal court ethical restraints in ways that would go far beyond issues of witness contact. Courts, thus far, have been unsympathetic to this government effort at unilateral exemption from the rules of ethics.

Discussion. Digital Nation

Students felt that computing class is less boring than original classes. Also, young students can learn what netiquette is. Another example was ‘Bubby cooks'. Through her story, I could find that humans culture can adopted into technical environment by social services such as twitter, Youth, and personal blobs. 2) Is customizing the message and targeting resources tailored around consumer preferences and habits a good thing? An efficient use of resources? Dealt nations customize each consumer because many business people try to close to consumers by virtual systems.Virtual systems are a kind of online space. Through the virtual systems, people can imagine their commercial goals and create new situations. Also, they can discover diverse unique situations such as crisis markets. For example, according to World Dairy Expo sass, â€Å"Technology has made deep inroads into the world of dairy farming, helping manage day-to-day chores and collecting and analyzing the large batches of data a herd of cattle generates daily' (Acrobat 42). It means that digital and technical life influences not only consumers but also many companies.The reason is that many companies can find products and services which have more benefits for their consumers. Also the consumers can satisfy their consumption and the companies, and they believe digital data that Is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial Information to humans' life. Although the data and Information sometimes give negative parts, the parts also become a kind of digital life where modern people lives in. Hill, Elizabeth. â€Å"Big Dairy Enters The Era of Big Data. † Bloomberg Businesslike 22October 2012: 41-42 print. Discussion. Digital Nation By alleviators 1) In today's technological immersion environment, do you think the good side of it Technological environment is very powerful and complicated to people. The reason is that some people think digital life giv es positive and good affections, but Digital nations customize each consumer because many business people try to data that is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial information to humans' life.

Database Applications Used in Our Organization Essay

Our company has really advanced in terms of database management. Initially, they were using Microsoft Access database application soft but recently they introduced Oracle database application. This change has been brought about by the economic growth in the country which has in turn seen our organization grow significantly. Microsoft Access database application is the commonest database application that is used by majority of the firms especially the small one. One of the benefits of using this database is that it is relatively compatible with Structure query language (SQL). Most organizations have made use of the software for one is that it’s in expensive to maintain and secondly it’s because most employees are family with its application. Our company has not been an exception; we have over the years been using the software to store all our data in it and were able to retrieve the information without difficultness. The database application software is very useful in out organization as we have eliminated the use of papers in our office. This has also increase the efficiency of activities within and outside the organization. This has ensured that tasks are accomplished faster within the organization and this ensures that organizational goals and objectives are achieved in the long run. Previous, the use of paper work in the organization would lead to some processed being delayed and this in turn to delay to completion of a deal that would have benefited the organization financially. For this case, elimination of the paper work has seen deals being completed faster and the company gains financially. Recently, the management saw the need of introducing advanced database application software that would be able to accommodate the huge data the need to be store within our system. Due to this reason, they proposed to introduce Oracle database application software in the organization although the Microsoft Access database application software is still in use. The reason of using both is to ensure that all employees familiarize with the new system before implementing the Oracle database application fully in the organization. Another reason of maintaining both systems in the organization is because it would take time for the organization to transfer the entire data store in the Microsoft Access to the Oracle system. There is still room for improvement as far as database management is concerned in our organization to ensure that our services are delivery even faster so that we can increase our sale and achieve our organizational goals and objectives. For this case, the organization needs to ensure that all employees familiarize themselves with the Oracle database application software so that we can get rid of Microsoft Access. It is always wise for an organization to advance with technology since many large organization are no longer using the Microsoft Access and incase they interact, they might be a problem due to compatibility of information. There is also a need for the organization to introduce DB2 database application software which is also cost effective database application software. Organizations especially large one like ours should ensure they get rid of paper work which slows processes within the organization. They should adopt database application software that is cost effective in term of number of employees to be employed to handle and maintain company’s data and speed of processing information within the organization.

Porter Five Forces essays

Porter Five Forces essays In the mid 1990s, Cisco Systems was the dominant player in the US router market and its leadership was undisputed . However, this position was altered with the entry of several new competitors into the high performance segment of this market. In particular, Juniper emerged as a serious threat to Cisco by the year 2000. The backdrop to the emergence of these new competitors was the rapid expansion of the internet and a corresponding escalation in demand for high performance routers. The new entrants had concluded that a high performance segment within the IP router market would emerge with Cisco or without it. This paper examines the usefulness of Porters Five Forces approach in understanding the new entrants into the router market in the late 1990s, and concludes that the approach is useful in identifying that the industry was attractive to new entrants, but does not clearly explain the dynamics that supported the new entrants into the market. Porters Five Forces (Router Market) New entrants faced large capital requirements for product development as router technology was complex and took time to develop. However, this capital was being readily supplied to new entrants by venture capitalists and, in Junipers case, technology heavyweights. Cisco had a strong brand recognition and reputation (Nobody ever got fired for buying from Cisco) . It also had the cost advantages associated with market experience (Cisco dominates the market, because if youre not participating in the internet you dont get the lessons in seeing how the software needs to evolve) . In addition, a new entrant was faced with building economies of scale to cover high start up costs. However, there was scope to overcome these disadvantages by focussing on product performance and reliability (as Juniper did). Further, there is n ...

What You Should Know About Electronics

What You Should Know About Electronics Electronics is the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and the operation of electronic devices. How Is Electronics Different From Electricity? Many devices, from toasters to vacuum cleaners, use electricity as an energy source. These electrical devices transform the electrical current they receive through your wall socket and transform it into another form of energy. Your toaster, for example, transforms electricity into heat. Your lamp transforms electricity into light. Your vacuum cleaner transforms electrical energy into motion that drives the vacuums motor. Electronic devices, however, do more. Instead of transforming electrical energy into heat, light, or motion, they actually manipulate the electrical current itself. In this way, electronic devices can add meaningful information to the current itself. Thus, an electric current can be manipulated to carry sound, video, or data. Most devices are both electrical and electronic. For example, your brand new toaster may transform electricity into heat and also manipulate the current using a thermostat that maintains a specific temperature. Similarly, your cell phone needs a battery to provide electrical energy, but it also manipulates electricity to transmit sound and pictures. History of Electronics While we think of electronics as a modern field, it has actually been around for well over 100 years. In fact, the first manipulation of electrical currents for practical purposes began in 1873 (with Thomas Edison). The first major breakthrough in electronics occurred in 1904, with the invention of the vacuum tube (also called the thermionic valve). Vacuum tubes made possible the invention of TV, radio, radar, telephones, amplifiers, and even microwave ovens. In fact, they were used throughout most of the 20th century and are even in use in some places today. Then, in 1955, IBM introduced a calculator that used transistor circuits without vacuum tubes. It contained no fewer than 3,000 individual transistors. Digital technology (in which information is shared using a combination of 0s and 1s) became easier to design with the use of transistors. Miniaturization has led to a revolution in digital technology. Today, we think of electronics as relating to high tech fields such as computer design, information technology, and design of electronic devices. The reality, however, is that electricity and electronics are still very closely allied. As a result, even auto mechanics must have a good understanding of both fields. Preparing for a Career in Electronics The field of electronics is vast, and electronic engineers generally make a very good living. If you are planning to go to college, you may choose to major in electronic engineering, or you may choose a university where you can specialize in a particular field such as aerospace, telecommunications, or manufacturing. In any case, you will be learning about the physics and practical uses of electricity and electromagnetism. If you are not going the college route, you have several good options in the field of electronics. Electricians, for example, are often trained through apprenticeship programs; todays electricians must also be up to date with electronics, as most projects require a working knowledge of both. Other options include electronic sales, manufacturing, and technician jobs.

Violence in the Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Violence in the Nursing Profession - Essay Example It has been noted that nurses are easily exposed to violence in certain scenarios in the course of dispensing their duties, thereby increasing their vulnerability (Carter, 2000). The healthcare sector is faced with many challenges including limited budgets, low work motivation, low pay and understaffing. These challenges on their own create tension in the work environment and in most cases; nurses bear the brute of the frustration. Violence is in many forms including physical, psychological, sexual harassment, isolation and intimidation. The patriarchal medical model has contributed a great deal to this vice as nurses are seen as doctor’s handmaidens (O’Connell et al 2000).In this sense, doctors may form a condescending and intimidating attitude toward nurses whereby they feel their qualification and status is superior to those of nurses. Nurses also face violence from hospital visitors and patients, some of who express their grief, frustrations and misgivings to the nurses, who tend to be more available than doctors. Horizontal violence is also rampant, where nurses themselves administer violence on each. Studies show that nursing students during their clinical assignment in their courses are the most vulnerable to violence (Randle 2003). CASE STUDY 1 SUMMARY The first case study will look into the article dubbed â€Å"Aggression in the Workplace: A study of Horizontal Violence Utilizing Heideggerian Hermeneutic Phenomenology.† The article sought to ascertain the existence and rampant widespread of horizontal violence amongst nurses in healthcare institutions. One or more group members towards another member or section of the larger group (Duffy 1995) define horizontal violence as hostile or aggressive behavior. Studies show that the prevalence is high but majority of the cases go unreported due to fear of stigmatization and/or retribution (Farrel 1997).This case study also seeks to identify the impact of horizontal violence on the victims’ work performance and relationships with others. Study Design The Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was the chosen method of research in this article. This qualitative approach by Heidegger, a German philosopher, proposes that all knowledge comes from people in t he world and the attempt to understand other people in the world. It thus means that we are always within the hermeneutic circle of Interpretation (Leonard 1989).With this design the researcher has a preliminary understanding of horizontal violence (Leonard 1989) and will be able to add personal experience and understanding to the research (Walter 1995). Sampling Strategies and Data collection In compiling information for this article, the use of questionnaires was employed. The sample size comprised of two registered nurses who had consensual agreed to take part in the study based on their expertise in the field (Field and Morse; 1985). The sample size was relatively small but since it was a qualitative analysis, sample size depended on the accuracy of the information given by the respondents and their abilities to do so. Data collection was done using recorded audio tapes. This method was the

Mars and Google Earth Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mars and Google Earth Project - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  the   main   differences   between the two pictures are   that   the formation of   the different   features are   caused   by s different   climatic conditions. In the Mars, there are no man made properties hanker some of the features within the Mars are naturally caused. However, there are some features within the natural earth structure that are likely to influencing the formation of different structures. Laval flow is one major cause of such features within both the earth and Mars respectively. The earth is habitable and therefore life is possible on earth because of the favorable climatic factors contrary to mars.This study stresses that in both planets the mountain features under study formed as a result of volcanic activity. That is when hot molten rocks finds its way out through earths crust and cool off to form a hard rock. Subsequent activities result in more and more pile up of lava forming a mountain. In planet m ars as the mountain rise due to deposits of layers of lava, it exerts a lot of weight on the subterranean basement system at the base of the mountain. This results in some further landforms e.g. valleys etc. similarly the same phenomenon may result in fault lines leading to sinking of the earth to form a valleys of which the great rift valley of east Africa is a typical example.  Formation of volcanic mountains therefore exhibit similar formation in both planet earth and mars. In contrast Martian planet has no vegetation cover and no visible rivers, sea or oceans exist.a

Nokia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nokia - Case Study Example The commerce groups are Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions and Networks. The straight groups are Customer and Marketing Operations and Technology Platforms. The Nokia mobiles are intended to tender a wide variety of business users elastic access to Oracle Collaboration Suite, via text message, browser, or over-the-air harmonization of calendar and speak to in rank. The effect is endeavor mobility that is both influential and reasonable, enabling IT departments to offer omnipresent admittance to in sequence athwart their organization In current years supply chain management (SCM) has received a huge deal of trade press and academic concentration. For numerous chief executive officers (CEO) the time has come to shift notice to their supply base and hug the principles of SCM. The resource-based approach to planned management suggests that spirited advantage can be found in the varied resources and ability a firm controls. Resources that are valuable, rare, hard to duplicate, and can be browbeaten by the organization can create sustained competitive benefit and earn over standard financial performance. Numerous management specialists propose that companies that learn to get bigger their organizational supply chain management will have a spirited advantage. These learn looks at the conquest that Nokia has had in organization supply chain in Turkey (Bashein, B. J., 2004, 7-13). In a globe where products are copie... For this reason, there is a brawny link amongst how firms manage their people and the financial results achieved. Results from studies of five year staying power rates of initial public offerings; studies of output and stock price in large samples of corporation from manifold industries; and thorough research on auto, clothing, and other industries shows that substantial gains of about 40% can be obtained by implementing high performance management practices. An additional purpose of this paper is to increase about to happen into supply chain ability and the factors that get better its growth. If members of a supply chain are to flourish together they must admit that a learning environment improves the overall efficiency of the supply chain as well as the aptitude of the entity members (Stump, R. L., 2001, 29-48). One significant management practice for lots of companies is the association that they have by means of their suppliers. Supply chain partnerships are relationships flanked by two or more self-governing entities in a supply chain to achieve exact objectives. Basically, these partnerships are usually created to add to the financial and operational presentation of every channel. These objectives are talented from side to side reductions in total costs, reductions in inventories, and greater than before levels of shared information. Over a period of time these partnerships can develop and lead to better service, technological novelty, and product design. Strategic Management Including Mission With leadership comes enormous liability. As the primary company in our industry, Nokia also strives to be a leader in environmental routine. Upcoming generations are relying on us to shelter and conserve the usual environment (Antonelli, C. (2005). Usually, they

Leptospira Cultures Maintenance

Leptospira Cultures Maintenance RESULTS The Leptospira serovars maintained in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology were used in the present study. For maintenance, EMJH medium (Difco) with albumin supplement was employed and subcultured at seven day intervals and incubation was carried out at 28-30Â °C. In addition, the stock cultures were maintained in semi-solid medium with subculturing at one month interval. IDENTIFICATION OF LEPTOSPIRES Under dark field microscope, the live leptospiral organisms were found tightly coiled and actively motile. The motility observed was of both spinning and bending. In highly concentrated cultures, the organisms formed entangled masses. No contaminants were observed in most of the time when streaked on blood agar plates for purity checking of the cultures. In case of contamination they were purified by filtration. RECOMBINANT PROTEIN PRODUCTION Preparation of template DNA from Leptospira The genomic DNA isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis had a DNA concentration ranging from 40- 60Â µg/ml. The purity of the extracted DNA was checked by measuring the ratio of absorbance (O.D of DNA preparation at 260 and 280 nm). The value of the ratio obtained was found to be in the range of 1.8 to 1.93, indicating that the preparations were almost free of proteins.(in mat and methods). Amplification of lipl21 gene and lipl32 genes The amplification of lipl21and lipl32 genes were carried out and observed amplicons of 507 bp and 767 bp, respectively. (Fig 1) Cloning of the lipl21 and lipl32 gene The colonies of E.coli Dh5∞ cells transformed with lipl21 and lipl32 genes was picked up separately and tested for the presence of the two genes. It was observed that lipl21 clones yielded an amplicon size of 507 bp and lipl32 with 767 bp. These confirmed clones were preserved for further studies (Fig 2) Induction of recombinant protein The above clones were subcultured in LB broth containing Ampicillin (100Â µg/ml) and expression was optimized with 2 mM IPTG for LipL21 and 1mM IPTG for LipL32. The induced recombinant cells were harvested after six hours and five hours for LipL21 and LipL32, respectively. Uninduced controls were set for each. The cells were then pelleted and lysed. The expression of recombinant 21 kDa (rLipL21) and 32 kDa outer membrane proteins (rLipL32) were confirmed in comparison with that of the uninduced cells where there was no significant protein expression (Fig 3) Purification of recombinant lipl21 and lipl32 proteins The rLipL21 and rLipL32 proteins were purified by Nickel chelating affinity chromatography without any contamination. The protein concentrations were estimated to be 0.69 mg/ml and 2.07mg/ml for rLipL21 and rLipL32, respectively. Immunoreactivity of the proteins The immunogenicity of both rLipL21 and rLipL32 proteins were tested using MAT positive canine sera and observed that both the proteins were reacting. Further the protein did not react when blotted with hyper immune serum raised against the different bacteria namely E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella multocida. DIAGNOSIS Microscopic Agglutination Test A total of 124 canine serum samples from Leptospira suspected dogs were tested using MAT and among this 22 (17.74 per cent) were found to be positive for leptospirosis. Serum samples having a titre of 1:400 and above were considered as positive. The infecting serovars identified with canine leptospirosis are depicted in Table 3 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Indirect ELISA was done in separate microtitre plates employing rLipL21 and rLipL32 as antigens and the results were compared with that of MAT. Checker board analysis Using checker board analysis the optimum concentration of antigen, antibody and conjugate were estimated. The optimum concentration of antigen was found to be 50 ng/well and 150 ng/well for rLipL21 and rLipL32, respectively. The rabbit anti-canine IgG HRP conjugate concentration estimated was 1:2500 and 1:2000 for rLipL21 and rLipL32, respectively. A 1:50 dilution of test serum was used as optimum working dilution in both ELISAs. Determination of cut off values In IgG ELISA, the mean OD and standard deviation for the negative sera samples (n=44) was 0.49 and 0.11 for rLipL21 and 0.59 and 0.09 for rLipL32, respectively. The cut off value obtained was 0.82 for rLipL21 and 0.86 for rLipL32. Test proper The results of rLipL21 and rLipL32 based IgG ELISA are given in Table 4. Among 47 positive samples obtained by rLipL21 ELISA, only 20 found positive with MAT. In case of rLipL32 ELISA, 40 samples were recorded positive out of which 18 found positive with MAT. Comparison of MAT and rLipL21IgG ELISA The results of rLipL21 IgG ELISA were compared with that of MAT. Among 124 canine sera examined, 47 (37.90 per cent) showed OD more than the cut off value i.e. 0.82 and were considered positive for leptospirosis by rLipL21 IgG ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of rLipL21 IgG ELISA as relative to MAT was calculated to be 90.90 per cent, 73.52 per cent and 76.61 per cent, respectively (Table 5). On statistical analysis, it was found that there exists a significant difference between the two tests, ie, rLipL21 ELISA and MAT even at 1 per cent level of significance. Comparison of MAT and rLipL32 IgG ELISA The results of the IgG ELISA using rLipL32 as the antigen were compared with that of MAT. Among 124 canine sera examined, 40 (32.25 per cent) showed OD more than the cut off value i.e. 0.86 and were considered positive for leptospirosis by IgG ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of rLipL32 IgG ELISA as relative to MAT was calculated to be 81.81per cent, 78.43 per cent and 79.03 per cent, respectively (Table 6). Statistical analysis revealed that there exists a significant difference between the two tests, ie, rLipL32 ELISA and MAT at 1per cent level of significance. Comparison of rLipL21 and rLipL32 IgG ELISA On statistical analysis using Cochran’s Q test, at 1 per cent level of significance it was observed that there exists no significant difference between rLipL21 and rLipL32 ELISA, as the P value was found to be greater than 0.01. Table 3 Infecting serovars identified with MAT Table 4 Results of MAT, rLipL21 ELISA and rLipL32 ELISA Table 5 Comparison between rLipL21 ELISA and MAT Sensitivity = a/a+c = 90.90% Specificity = d/b+d = 73.52% Accuracy =a+d/a+b+c+d = 76.61%

Education Roles Essay -- Education Educate Papers

Education Roles Emerging from an extended period of ideological hostility between stubbornly-defined cold war blocs, we enter an era of strident nationalism and ethnic conflict. We observe conflicts of ethnic differences and historic disagreements, now fueled by the frustration of failed economic systems and faltering political regimes. Feelings of unity often arise out of a sense of shared experiences and common goals. In Canada, however, and in many other countries, people have been driven apart by geographic, racial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural and legal circumstances. As the widespread trend toward state division and republic formation continues, we must come to ask ourselves what can hold diverse people together. Primary and secondary school education-and specifically, the content and the form of national histories that are taught in classrooms around the world-provides a unique venue for the study of the development of nationalism. It may be the primary forum in which people construct, think about and interpret stories about themselves and their past, present and future. Through the Canadian experience, nationalism can be seen outside a context of war and deprivation. Yet as Michael Ignatieff-British resident and son of a Russian-born Canadian diplomat-writes of Canada, "Here we have one of the five richest nations on earth, a country so uniquely blessed with space and opportunity that the world's poor are beating at the door to get in, and it is tearing itself apart." Especially in the aftermath of an emotionally intense and statistically close referendum on Quà ©bec sovereignty in October 1995, Canada too must examine the possibilities for national unity. As I have thought about these possibilities, I have ... ...mmunity-active approaches to education, I am trying to understand the teacher's role and the role of education in general in individual development. Through current and further academic studies, I am attempting to understand the role of education in the social, economic, cultural and political development of the nation-state. The opportunity to study abroad for a year under a Rotary Scholarship would allow me to gain a greater understanding of the possible outcomes of various experiements in education attempted in another country as govenments, teachers, students and other citizens respond to social, economic and political conditions. The process and the aftermath of this experience would challenge me to explore the possibilities for creating and forwarding honest national histories-both abroad and in Canada-within which each individual's voice might be articulated.

Moi…Yeah What About It?

At this darkness blocked my blurry vision, and a warm coppery taste was my only comfort, it had been my comfort for so long now. It was only a friend and I'm nearly dead. But when you get accused of going with your cousin you'd expect it of a friend. I was fourteen when it started, just over a year, you'd think I'd be all cried out, but I've learnt, gradually, save them, save them for the nights when you close your eyes and he's giving you what you want, and what you need†¦ love. Corny you might think, but the good things make you cry more than the bad. Every time he's not smoked bit too much skunk, sput, or what ever else he does, we'll cuddle and he whispers those three little words every girl longs to hear from a tall dark and handsome older guy. ‘I love you' But where's the truth in it. Most guys of sixteen think those three word can bed a girl. Well if they're vulnerable enough it's a definite thing. That's where trouble starts. Sex its just another word for hurt, blood, committing yourself and signing freedom and friends away. And all to some guy that thinks you want to spend the rest of your life with cos they popped your cherry. Its not reality, not to me and it shouldn't be to you. Loves a trap, an evil thing. It makes me feel sick, even just thinking about the hell I was put through in as shorter amount of time as a year. I thought I was being brave every time I was alone and my cloudy green eyes cried. I was surprised myself, as every moment we spent in each other's arms was a good time. I thought I'd never have to be alone. But now I know the sparkles all gone, and the stitches are here. He wasn't scared to show anyone the hate and anguish he felt inside for me, not even my mother, the first time, he hurt me was in front of both our families we sat down to a meal, in my house, a time we all thought was good. But I was dragged by my hair into the kitchen viewable from the dinning table. I knew what was coming I had seen his eyes when he had fought previously with lads, those eyes looked straight at me. I began to run to the side door, which was positioned at the side of his masculine, strong aftershave smelling body; my head was spinning as I was thrown back towards the sink. My head in the bowl with the dishes from the pervious course, and he kicked me right in the spine. My father was no longer around he had left us when my brother and I were just three years old. My brother and I thought the same; people said it was just telepathic, I screamed as the broken dishes cut into my made-up face. The phone rang. I heard it, I heard it through the screams and shouts, of my mother and the warnings of that bastards family. My mother ran to the phone hoping and praying it was someone with power that could help, she wasn't let down, my brother, he said he felt something and Wiz was driving him down to the house, my mother yelled down the phone hoping Wiz would hear, I'll never forget the words she said it was the first time I had ever heard her swear, I heard them words over and over in my confused and unsure head, â€Å"GET YOUR BLOODY FOOT DOWN and HURRY THE FUCK UP† I'd had enough my body couldn't take any more of his beating, I lay collapsed on the cold tiled floor coated in warm blood clotted in little ball, coughed out of my tooth missing mouth. I heard the screeching of tyres out front, as my brother ran in followed by four sets of other heavy footsteps. Screams and shouts were all I heard nothing I could make sense of. I was kicked one last time in my stomach before everything went dead. I was alone. I was alone in a bed, with tubes pumping all kinds of shit into me, I tried to move but my body refused, to leave me only lying still. I was there for a few days unable to move my bruised limbs, my brother and his mates came in every so often and comforted me, I didn't feel safe around guys though and refused to speak to them. The one person that made me feel safe was a younger lad I had met on a holiday that year, my mother had paid for him to fly from his home near Stoke to be with me for a few days. My brother had told me I had called out his name numerous occasions. I was unable to remember. I still thought about him though, when visiting times were over, I still loved him. I thought that nothing could change that, not even a hospital bed. My mother had told me a million times that he was bad news for me. I knew she was right but I always had the last word. I always blamed it on my dad leaving though; I made my mum feel bad because I never had a man to tell me how really men were. But really I should take it out on him he's the one who couldn't keep his pants up, well his ankles always were cold, my mum said anyway. I kind of understand now though why my mother never got with another, she could have had any one. She was the most beautiful woman who graced the earth. My brother always use to boost my confidence when I was younger saying I was like her, but no one ever could be as pretty, so perfect. I loved her more than anyone could love anything in the universe. But my love for her was too deep I was told, he told me. I believed him too. I was gullible and he was charming. I HATE HIM SO MUCH. He changed my mother's perspective in my live; my whole world, and left me behind. My life was complicated, it always had been. No person, how sophisticated, how intelligent could understand my head, the way I would think. I used to write stories and draw strange looking picture, all the teachers thought I was ill in the head from the first day I walked through the school gates Primary and High. They can all drop dead just as every other down looking snob in this world can. They don't understand anything, half of them don't even have kids of their own, and how can they stand in front of a teenager and tell them how they should treat people with respect when they have no respect for us. Teachers always said I had a foul mouth†¦ and. So have 70% of the rest of the pupils in this school. That old line they spoon feed you every time their on their periods are just in a bad mood, â€Å"Miss Potts' you have the most dramatic and over active imagination I have ever had enter this room, now leave† That's meant to be an education don't be daft. I admit to the charges with my hands up but I've had a bad life, as have others but I took the easy way out and became a little bitch, smoking, drinking etc. It was just what school life has lead me into. I think about life doing things right sometimes but that's not me it isn't possible for me now. Things when I got out of hospital weren't any different between him and me; I'll call him that because his name sends shivers and spikes down my spine. I carried on seeing him, yeah I know I was stupid, but he told me he'd change just to spend a few moments of his life with me in his arms. My family didn't find out for a while, but when my brother caught me and him upstairs in my room he disowned me, I tried to cover up what we were doing but I think clothes all up the stairs were a clear give away. No one was meant to come home, my mother in London and my brother meant to be at a friends', what's the chances ay? Low High well shit happens doesn't it? I convinced my brother it was the best thing to do keeping it a secret from my mother as she was suffering from severe depression, give you a guess who it all started with. Lol. Obvious don't you think? We didn't talk my brother and I until I assured him it was all over. He believed me. I had tried to brake it off with him but his dark eyes seduced my mind hypnotising me, they told a story of that day when I nearly died. My life's never been perfect, and never will be now. I had dreams, ambitions. I was going to be an artist, I wanted people to know who I was and what I had been through but how do you tell the story, of getting beat up by a demon, that lived around the corner from your humble warm loving home. I had ideas but I'd have to find him again to make my work publishable, to kill me obviously. No artist I've ever heard of got famous when they were alive so I'd need some help wouldn't I? After I told my brother I had stopped seeing him, it was around three months until we finish properly, I had been in hospital again, slipped a disk in my back this time, it happened over three days, it started over a cig, how sad, my best mate of a few years wouldn't spare her last fag for him and I got bollocked for it. I tried to run but I was never a sprinter, my legs weren't long enough, he caught up to me within a few moments of me dropping my bags out side the schools gates, he dragged me to the floor by my long brown ponytail, I lay there frozen scared to move as his three best mate screamed at him to leave me alone because I was a cheap tart after a shag. Later that night though he found me, came down to another of my mates looking for a shag off of me. Yeah you know the story, I did it, a shags a shag as my mates brother told me. The next time he threw a paddy was the next night; guess what this was over as well, a lil bit of lippy, apparently I looked like a whore, and his mates would find it as an offer. It was a repeat performance of the previous day although a man dressed in a dark suit came to my rescue; he told me he was always there for me if I ever needed him. I didn't even know the guy, it was the first time I'd seen him but I thought I could come to some kind of arrangement with him. He was sexy and I was feeling low and on the rebound. The next time, I find it hard to talk about It was thought I would never be able to have kids, that broke my heart, I really wanted kids in the future lil boy and girl Cona and Carmel. I thought that they were cute names for kids and different for when they grew up. My story with him ended when a couple of weeks I found my self sat in a doctors surgery with a urine sample on the desk, and a pregnancy test boxed up lay next to it, along with that protein tester thing. I'd put on weight and me and the doctor both knew exactly what was going on. I sobbed as I told the doctor my life story; he was touched and offered me a tissue over the long wooden desk I leant on with one hand on my stomach. I quit my sobbing and stood up to leave. No appointments were made, no nothings were said.

African Americans from 1865 Essay

African Americans have fought a great battle to become a part of society in America. Since being taken from African as slaves in the 1600’s there has been a continuous battle for equality since. Since the end of slavery Black Americans have had many accomplishments along with hardships. In this paper I will discuss some of the Major events in African American history beginning with the end of slavery which has lead to the America we know today. In 1865 Congress passed the thirteenth Amendment stating† Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction† this was the outlawing of slavery and resulted in the established the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist former slaves. President Lincoln and other Republicans were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation, which in 1863 declared the freedom of slaves in ten Confederate states then in rebellion, would be seen as a temporary war measure, since it was based solely on Lincoln’s war powers. The Proclamation did not free any slaves in the border states nor did it abolish slavery.[1] Because of this, Lincoln and other supporters believed that an amendment to the Constitution was needed. In many parts of the South, the newly freed slaves labored under conditions similar to those existing before the war. The Union army could offer only limited protection to the ex-slaves, and Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, clearly had no interest in ensuring the freedom of southern blacks. The new president’s appointments as governors of southern states formed conservative, proslavery governments. The new state legislatures passed laws designed to keep blacks in poverty and in posit ions of servitude. Under these so-called black codes, ex-slaves who had no steady employment could be arrested and ordered to pay stiff fines. Prisoners who could not pay the sum were hired out as virtual slaves. In some areas, black children could be forced to serve as apprentices in local industries. Blacks were also prevented from buying land and were denied fair wages for their work. This became the beginning of the Reconstruction. The Freedmen’s Bureau was designed to help former slaves make the transition from slavery to freedom after the civil war. It was a federal agency mostly involving blacks of the old confederacy ( Lowe, 1993). The Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, which created the Freedmen’s Bureau in March 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.[2] The Freedmen’s Bureau was an important agency of the early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, a Civil War hero sympathetic to black s.the Bureau was operational from 1865 to 1872. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant. Their responsibilities included introducing a system of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 schools for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts between the usually white landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for blacks in state courts. The Bureau was renewed by a Congressional bill in 1866 but was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who thought it was unconstitutional. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government secure black rights. Congress passed the bill over his veto. Southern whites were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been quickly disbanded and most of the soldiers assigned to the Western Their responsibilities included introducing a system of free labor, overseeing some 3,000 schools for freedpersons, settling disputes and enforcing contracts between the usually white landowners and their black labor force, and securing justice for b lacks in state courts. The Bureau was renewed by a Congressional bill in 1866 but was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who thought it was unconstitutional. Johnson was opposed to having the federal government secure black rights. Congress passed the bill over his veto. Southern whites were basically opposed to blacks having any rights at all, and the Bureau lacked military force to back up its authority as the army had been quickly disbanded and most of the soldiers assigned to the Western frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the field of education. frontier. The Bureau was able to accomplish some of its goals, especially in the field of education. There is much more African American has to overcome and many victories and defeat, In the process of fighting for equality in 1909 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W.E.B. Du Bois. For the next half century, it would serve as the country’s most influential African-American civil rights organization. In 1910, its journal, The Crisis, was launched. Among its well known leaders were James Weldon Johnson, Ella Baker, Moorfield Storey, Walter White, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin Hooks, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Julian Bond, and Kwesi Mfume. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the association led the black civil rights struggle in fighting injustices such as the denial of voting rights, racial violence, discrimination in employment, and segregated public facilities. Dedicated to the goal of an integrated society, the national leadership has always been interracial, although the membership has remained predominantly African American. The Harlem Renaissance flourishes in the 1920s and 1930s. This literary, artistic, and intellectual movement fosters a new black cultural identity. After the American civil war, liberated African-Americans searched for a safe place to explore their new identities as free men and women, they found it in Harlem. Also known as the New Negro Movement was a literary, artistic, cultural, intellectual movement that began in Harlem, New York after World War I and ended around 1935 during the Great Depression. The movement raised significant issues affecting the lives of African Americans through various forms of literature, art, music, drama, painting, sculpture, movies, and protests. In 1939 the NAACP established as an independent legal arm for the civil rights movement the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, which litigated to the Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the case that resulted in the high court’s landmark 1954 school-desegregation decision. The organization had also won a significant victory in 1946, with Morgan v. Virginia, which successfully barred segregation in interstate travel, setting the stage for the Freedom Rides of 1961. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case: strikes down segregation as unconstitutional. Linda Brown, an eight-year-old African American girl, had been denied permission to attend an elementary school only five blocks from her home in Topeka, Kansas. School officials refused to register her at the nearby school, assigning her instead to a school for nonwhite students some 21 blocks from her home. Separate elementary schools for whites and nonwhites were maintained by the Board of Education in Topeka. Linda Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit to force the schools to admit her to the nearby, but segregated, school for white students. The Board of Education’s defense was that, because segregation in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation they would face during adulthood. The board also argued that segregated schools were not neccessarily harmful to black children; great African Americans such as Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and George Washington Carver had overcome more than just segregated schools to achieve what they achieved. The request for an injunction put the court in a difficult decision. On the one hand, the judges agreed with the expert witnesses; in their decision, they wrote: Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children†¦ A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. [8] On the other hand, the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites, and no Supreme Court ruling had overturned Plessy yet. Because of the precedent of Plessy, the court felt â€Å"compelled† to rule in favor of the Board of Education. [9] The Supreme Court struck down the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine of Plessy for public education, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and required the desegregation of schools across America. The Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it require desegregation of public schools by a specific time. It did, however, declare the permissive or mandatory segregation that existed in 21 states unconstitutional. [13] It was a giant step towards complete desegregation of public schools. Even partial desegregation of these schools, however, was still very far away, as would soon become apparent. The next year 1955 A young black boy, Emmett Till, is brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi. Two white men charged with the crime are acquitted by an all-white jury. They later boast about committing the murder. The public outrage generated by the case helps spur the civil rights movement (Aug.). Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi on August 24, 1955 when he reportedly flirted with a white cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, two white men kidnapped till, beat him, and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. Till’s murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging civil rights movement. Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the â€Å"colored section† of a bus to a white passenger (Dec.1). She was arrested and convicted of violating the laws of segregation, known as â€Å"Jim Crow laws.† Mrs. Parks appealed her conviction and thus formally challenged the legality of segregation. In response to her arrest Montgomery’s black community launch a successful year-long bus boycott. Montgomery’s buses are desegregated on Dec. 21, 1956. 1963Martin Luther King is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Ala. He writes â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† which advocated nonviolent disobedience. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is attended by about 250,000 people, the largest demonstration ever seen in the nation’s capital. Martin Luther King delivers his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. The march builds momentum for civil rights legislation (Aug. 28). Despite Governor George Wallace physically blocking their way, Vivian Malone and James Hood register for classes at the University of Alabama. Four young black girls attending Sunday school are killed when a bomb explodes at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a popular location for civil rights meetings. Riots erupt in Birmingham, leading to the deaths of two more black youths (Sept. 15). 1964 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation’s benchmark civil rights legislation, and it continues to resonate in America. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. Passage of the Act ended the application of â€Å"Jim Crow† laws, which had been upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court held that racial segregation purported to be â€Å"separate but equal† was constitutional. The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights References Of Du Bois and Diaspora: The Challenge of African American Studies. Michael A. Gomez Journal of Black Studies , Vol. 35, No. 2, Special Issue: Back to the Future of Civilization: Celebrating 30 Years of African American Studies (Nov., 2004), pp. 175-194 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129300 The Freedmen’s Bureau and Local Black Leadership Richard Lowe The Journal of American History , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Dec., 1993), pp. 989-998 Published by: Organization of American Historians Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080411 Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America. by Studio Museum in Harlem Review by: George C. Wright The Journal of American History , Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jun., 1990), pp. 253-261 Published by: Organization of American Historians Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2078660 Harlem Renaissance. by Nathan Irvin Huggins Review by: Charles T. Davis American Literature , Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 138-140 Published by: Duke University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2924561 Mary, E. Q. (2000). African-american history and culture / african-american history and culture: An on-line encyclopedia. The Booklist, 96(12), 1130-1132. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/235465516?accountid=32521 Horne, G. (2006). TOWARD A TRANSNATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDA FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE 21st CENTURY. The Journal of African American History, 91(3), 288-303. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/194472189?accountid=32521 Dr. martin luther king, jr.’s ‘letter from a birmingham jail’. (1997, Jan 16). Sentinel. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/369387622?accountid=32521