The Meaning of Witchs Cake in the Salem Witch Trials

The Meaning of Witch's Cake in the Salem Witch Trials It was believed that a witchs cake had the power to reveal whether witchcraft was afflicting a person with symptoms of illness.  Such a cake or biscuit was made with rye flour and the urine of the afflicted person.  The cake was then fed to a dog. If the dog exhibited the same symptoms, the presence of witchcraft was proven.  Why a dog?  A dog was believed to be a common familiar associated with the devil.  The dog was then supposed to point to the witches who had afflicted the victim. In Salem Village, in the Massachusetts colony, in 1692, such a witchs cake was key in the first accusations of witchcraft that led to court trials and executions of many who were accused.  The practice was apparently a well known folk practice in English culture of the time. What Happened? In Salem Village, Massachusetts,  in January of 1692 (by the modern calendar), several girls began behaving erratically.  One of these girls was Elizabeth Parris, known as Betty, who was nine years old at the time.  She was the daughter of the Rev. Samuel Parris, the minister of the Salem Village Church. Another was Abigail Williams, who was 12 years old and an orphaned niece of Rev. Samuel Parris, who lived with the Parris family.  They complained of fever and convulsions. The father tried prayer, on the model of Cotton Mather who had written about curing similar symptoms in another case. He also had the congregation and some other local clergy pray for the girls to cure their affliction.  When prayer did not cure the illness, Rev. Parris brought in another minister, John Hale,  and the local physician, William Griggs, who observed the symptoms in the girls, and could find no physical reason. They suggested that witchcraft was involved. Whose Idea and Who Made the Cake? A neighbor of the Parris family, Mary Sibley, recommended the making of witchs cake to reveal whether witchcraft was involved.  She gave directions to John Indian, a slave serving the Parris family, to make the cake.  He collected urine from the girls and then had  Tituba, another slave in the household, actually bake the witchs cake and feed it to the dog that lived in the Parris household. (Both Tituba and John Indian were slaves, most likely of Indian origin, brought to Massachusetts Bay Colony by Rev. Parris from Barbados.) Even though the diagnosis didnt work, Rev. Parris denounced in church the use of this magic. He said it didnt matter if it was done with good intentions,  calling it going to the devil for help against the devil.  Mary Sibley, according to church records, was suspended from communion, then restored when she stood and confessed before the congregation and the people of the congregation raised their hands to show they were satisfied with her confession. Mary Sibley then disappears from the records about the trials, though Tituba and the girls figure prominently. The girls ended up naming those they accused of witchcraft.  The first accused were Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osbourne.  Sarah Good later died in prison and Sarah Good was executed in July.  Tituba confessed to witchcraft, so she was exempted from execution, and she later turned accuser. By the end of the trials early the following year, four accused witches had died in prison, one had been pressed to death, and nineteen were hanged. What Really Afflicted the Girls? Scholars generally agree that the accusations were rooted in a community hysteria, primed by belief in the supernatural.  Politics within the church likely played a part, with Rev. Parris at the center of controversy over power and compensation.  Politics in the colony - at a shaky time, including resolving the colonys status with the King and wars with the French and Indians, likely also played a part.  Some point to controversy over inheritance, especially targeting those who interfered with inheritances.  There were also some old squabbles among community members. All these are credited by some or many historians as playing a part in the unfolding of the accusations and trials.  A few historians have also argued that grain that had been contaminated with a fungus called ergot may have caused some of the symptoms.

7 Tips on How to Write a Reasonable Research Critique

7 Tips on How to Write a Reasonable Research Critique 7 Tips on How to Write a Reasonable Research Critique The major ‘key elements’ when writing a reasonable research critique are the study and criticism that are ultimately performed as well as the writing results. Some very simple tips in the sense of ‘magic rules’ are presented below. Tip #1. The collection of literature is typically gradual. For every book or article that we use, we follow the procedure below. First we perform a diagonal reading to determine the relationship of the text with our subject and the degree of the significance of the text. The evaluation of a text can also be done indirectly from the number of petitions, the size of literature, and the relation to the subject of research in the summary or results. Then we incorporate in our literature, some keywords for grouping related texts. Then they shall be read as references (i.e. fragments). Tip #2. Books are interesting in the early stages, as background reading. The articles show much more interest, because they present research results and because in order to write a research paper you should first read many others. Additionally, conferences articles are interesting when they are very recently written (e.g. 2-3 years maximum). Otherwise, there will probably be plenty of corresponding articles in academic journals by the same authors, which usually are more complete and organized. Tip #3. Articles or book chapters must be selected as the first group of interest together and be evaluated as a whole. In other words, several work teams internationally can be engaged in the same or similar subject, so you must decide what approaches are most interesting for your own work. Tip #4. Keep a brief note stuck on the article so as to remember the criticism you did. This is called horizontal or comparative reading. A good benchmark of research papers in a cognitive domain can be an interesting review article (review paper) especially if it is accompanied by repeatedly deeper criticism; comparison and experimental (or theoretical) results. Tip #5. Eventually, some articles or book chapters which you choose to analyze in depth are left (vertical reading). Such articles should be read carefully and you must try to reproduce their entire theoretical and experimental data. Take special care of them; not be boxed in intentional or unintentional oversights of the authors. There are always less well written articles. Also, you can try to get help from the authors (by e-mail). Besides, many times in the authors website you can find internal research reports, containing the results of articles in an expanded form. Tip #6. Generally, above all these tips, the composition of an article can at least in principle be achieved by ‘loans’ from other articles. ‘Loans’ may be reported on the structure, the experimental methodology, text parts etc. The necessary thing is the full reference to the source from which you got the ‘loan’. Tip #7. Finally, it is clarified that critic thought is inextricably linked to the object of analysis. If you need more professional research paper help online, visit our writing service and get a custom written paper online.

The United States Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The United States Civil War - Essay Example Cultural and social historians felt that it was due to the differences between the civilizations and values. While revisionist historians believed that the issue was slavery.1 Historians do agree that the North wanted to embrace modernity thereby ending slavery while the South efforts were to preserve slavery and its agrarian way of life. Davis, the first president of the Confederate States and Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States; the Union emphasizing strict compliance to the United States Constitution and support for the Union; the Democratic Party was divided into two parties, one representing the North and the other representing the South. Both believing that slavery ought to continue, however, the North thought the federal government had the right to prohibit slavery in territories. Although the Republican Party was anti-slavery, they did not advocate putting an end to slavery but wanted to prevent its expansion into territories that had not yet become states. And the Southern states seceded from the Union and established the Confederate of America when the federal government prohibited the expansion of slavery.2 In the midst of such chaos, why did the South lose the United States Civil War Ned Harrison, a writer in Greensboro, North Carolina, who specializes in military history, thinks the fundamental economic superiority of the North; a basic lack of a military strategy in the way the South fought the war; the Southerners unskilled performance in foreign affairs; the South's lack of a dominating civilian leader; the Confederate Constitution's over-emphasis on individuals' and states' rights and failure to stress the responsibilities of the individual or the state to the federal government and Abraham Lincoln were the reasons why the South lost the Civil war.3 Abraham Lincoln's role as president of the United States during the Civil War was that of a conservative revolutionary. His goal was to conserve the Union as the revolutionary heritage of the founding fathers. Lincoln, a strategist and war leader, was responsible for the Union victory. Lincoln, a superb leadership as president, commander-in-chief and head of the Republican Party, knew and understood the meaning of freedom, the limits of government power and individual liberty in time of crisis and the problems of wartime leadership. Determined, he liberated four million slaves, and overthrew the social and political order of the South.4 James M. McPerson, professor of history at Princeton University, including the Pulitzer Prize-winner of Battle Cry of Freedom, says the Union's extraordinary leadership was the reason why the South lost the Civil War. As the war progressed, Northern military leadership developed a rational strategy for victory which destroyed the Confederate armies and their resource of slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation. The Union's military strategies on the battlefield completely demolished the Confederacy's ability to wage war. And the combined strategic leadership at the political level with Lincoln and the military level with Ulysses Grant, William Sherman, and Philip H. Sheridan resulted in Northern victory. William C. Davis, former editor of Civil War Times Illustrated and author A Government of Our Own: The Making of the Confederacy, says the South lost because

Potential Problems with Illegal Immigration Essay

Potential Problems with Illegal Immigration - Essay Example There is evidence of job competition between natives and immigrants, since the latter are typically employed in jobs shunned by natives (e.g., seasonal agriculture, working with toxic chemicals, etc.) even under conditions of high unemployment among the native-born. The hidden consensus seems to be that expelling the foreigners and their offspring who are already integrated would be too costly and disruptive (Som and Momblanco 2006). Meanwhile, the consolidation of immigrant communities, especially in big cities acts as a magnet for new entrants. For instance, "illegal Mexican immigrants have found good jobs in industries associated with the housing bubble. Large numbers of immigrants work at jobs in the construction, landscaping, and road construction industries" (Thornton, 2007). Some employers prefer to hire illegal foreign workers and some feel that they have no alternative. Wage stagnation is another problem caused by illegal immigrants in the USA. The role of compensation and its effect on wages and on the behavior of the unemployed has been put forward as one of the reasons for higher unemployment levels. Four aspects of unemployment benefit that could affect behavior of jobless workers. These are eligibility conditions; generosity of benefits; duration of benefits; and efforts made by authorities to prevent malingering. Following Jacobe (2006): "the current wage stagnation is a cause of the influx of a huge number of illegal immigrants who violate U.S". The evidence demonstrates that benefits played important role in unemployment and demands additional spending on social services for unemployed population. Illegal immigration becomes a burden for healthcare and health-related services. Following Porter (2006): "While many Americans without health insurance struggle to pay for medical care, U.S. hospitals provide at least $200 million a year in uncompensated emergency medical care to illegal immigrants" (p. 66). Defining needs as rational drives implies a corresponding conception of health. Being a critical concept supporting (or subverting) practical judgments about healthcare practice and health policy, the concept of 'health' is as contested as the concept of 'needs' (Som and Momblanco 2006). The government cannot deprive illegal immigrant a right to receive primary care but it deprives many native citizens healthcare insurance and healthcare services. The policy debate about healthcare needs is a response to conflicting demands on health policy and healthcare resources. Current government practices that disproportionately site municipal and hazardous waste disposal facilities in low -income and minority neighborhoods native citizens with the least access to quality health care. Operatively a basic and adequate standard of health care is the minimum level of care, the core entitlement that should be guaranteed to all members of society. "There is a lack of proportion between the medical resources and the burden of disease and that there is a human right to equal access" (Dwyer 2004, p. 34). Basic health care covers a wide range of common health services needed to maintain, restore, or provide functional equivalents (where possible) to adequate species functioning. It includes at least some preventive, curative, mental health,

Report Education System in Japan Essay Example for Free

Report Education System in Japan Essay Japan has already begun to experience a population decline, with the result that many universities are already having difficulty maintaining their student populations, although entry into top ranks of the universities remains hugely competitive. The emerging and foreseeable trend is that many universities will have to try to attract large numbers of foreigners or diversify or face closure. It is also now said that a university education in Japan is within easier reach of students today, but that the quality of that higher education is now in question despite the many educational reforms that have been set in motion. Each academic year begins in April and comprises of two semesters. Basic general degrees are four-year degrees, a feature adapted from the American system. Undergraduate students receive instruction via the lecture and seminar group method. The general degree may be followed by two-year Masters degrees (generally a combination of lectures and guided research) and then a three year Doctorate (largely based on research) where these are offered. Graduate education in Japan is underdeveloped compared to European countries and the United States with only slightly more than 7 percent of Japanese undergraduates going on to graduate school as compared to 13 percent of American undergraduates. Postgraduate educational offerings are weak and the number of universities offering postgraduate programmes or a wide variety of programmes, is small, compared to that in other industrialized western countries. Japan has about three million students enrolled in 1,200 universities and junior colleges and consequently the second largest higher educational system in the developed world. Japan also has one of the largest systems of private higher education in the world. The 710 odd universities in Japan can be separated into 3 categories: highly competitive, mildly competitive and non-competitive (the schools that are first-tier being the infamously difficult to enter ones). Public universities are generally more prestigious than their private ones with only 25 percent of all university-bound students being admitted to public universities. More than 65 percent of high school graduates continue their studies; of these, over 70 percent are enrolled in private colleges and universities. Only about 10 percent of private institutions receive their financial resources from public funding, with most public funds on higher education being spent on the national and local public universities. Despite the impressive statistics, Japanese universities are considered to be the weakest link in the countrys educational system. While many western writers have, time and time again, attributed the economic success of Japan to the well-educated and highly literate population of Japan, recent writings and studies tend to be far more critical, lamenting the deplorable state and quality of higher education in Japan today. Despite the famed exam rigors and competitiveness, declining standards in education and the high school students lack of interest in studying have lately been under spotlight. Some attribute this disinterestedness to the fact that academic effort no longer assured automatic rewards with the disintegration in the formerly stable and guaranteed lifetime employment system. Japanese students are also widely known to traditionally consider their university days to be a social playground, a reward for the hard work and having made it there, and, as many critics have recently pointed, professors demand relatively little from their students. Despite the institutional change and sweeping national reforms underway in response to these criticisms, the key problems remain unresolved: the pyramidal-structure of the university system and entrance exam wars; the centrally-controlled curriculum and lack of individuality and creativity of students as well as the lack of competitiveness in educational suppliers.

Self-defense in Criminal Cases Essay -- essays research papers

Self-defense in criminal cases. One of the frustrations faced by many businesses is that after the perpetrators of crimes have been identified, the District Attorney's office will not pursue the case. One option is for victims to sue the DA in an attempt to compel him to prosecute, but this would be costly and proving dereliction of duty would be difficult. The DA is effectively immune. Other options are more promising. The law should encourage (and prosecutors' offices should welcome) private preparation of criminal cases. Prosecutors' budgets simply do not allow vigorous prosecution of all the available criminal cases. Logic and evidence show that in private law, plaintiffs win about 50 percent of the cases that are tried. This is because the parties are more likely to settle lopsided cases out of court. Public prosecutors, by contrast, win far more than 50 percent of their trial cases because they have budget constraints and so elect whenever possible to go to court with only the cases they are likely to win. Vi ctims should be allowed to hire private attorneys and other professionals to prepare cases against the accused and thereby extend public prosecutors' resources. The attorneys can be retained pro bono (for the good) or for compensation. This is already done in some white collar cases where financial complexities exceed the prosecutors' expertise, such as complicated embezzlement cases, some oil and gas swindles and cases involving the misapplication of construction trust funds. At present, many cases are never prosecuted for one reason or another. For example, in about 40 percent of federal embezzlement and fraud cases, charges are dropped because of insufficient evidence to convict, given the resources at hand.85 In some instances prosecutors "deputize" attorneys to try cases, too. Many private attorneys have criminal experience as former prosecutors or public defenders. A logical extension of private preparation for trial is the complete privatization of the prosecutor's job by contracting out. Private attorneys, of course, are often appointed on a pro bono basis for criminal defense. Private attorneys could be deputized for a single trial or for ongoing prosecutor's work, either pro bono or under contract. The same remedies are available to finance criminal prosecution as civil litigation. Commercial insurance policies could be exp... ...ting witnesses before a grand jury, or the person being investigated, has become a well orchestrated, even cynical, minuet. The first and most important task may be overcoming the cynicism of so many lawyers in and out of government to whom concern for "fairness" somehow signifies weakness. It is a cynicism that government lawyers should not have the luxury of acting upon. In reality, a commitment to fairness is a highly reliable sign of strength and confidence in the merits of one's position, and it is usually those who fear the fairness of the forum who most fear outcomes based on merit. Recently, a controversy has erupted over whether Justice Department lawyers are bound by state codes of ethics and analogous local federal court rules of practice. The issue stems from rules that restrict contact by lawyers with parties known to be represented by counsel, including corporate parties. In essence, the government is seeking to exempt its own lawyers from state and federal court ethical restraints in ways that would go far beyond issues of witness contact. Courts, thus far, have been unsympathetic to this government effort at unilateral exemption from the rules of ethics.

Discussion. Digital Nation

Students felt that computing class is less boring than original classes. Also, young students can learn what netiquette is. Another example was ‘Bubby cooks'. Through her story, I could find that humans culture can adopted into technical environment by social services such as twitter, Youth, and personal blobs. 2) Is customizing the message and targeting resources tailored around consumer preferences and habits a good thing? An efficient use of resources? Dealt nations customize each consumer because many business people try to close to consumers by virtual systems.Virtual systems are a kind of online space. Through the virtual systems, people can imagine their commercial goals and create new situations. Also, they can discover diverse unique situations such as crisis markets. For example, according to World Dairy Expo sass, â€Å"Technology has made deep inroads into the world of dairy farming, helping manage day-to-day chores and collecting and analyzing the large batches of data a herd of cattle generates daily' (Acrobat 42). It means that digital and technical life influences not only consumers but also many companies.The reason is that many companies can find products and services which have more benefits for their consumers. Also the consumers can satisfy their consumption and the companies, and they believe digital data that Is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial Information to humans' life. Although the data and Information sometimes give negative parts, the parts also become a kind of digital life where modern people lives in. Hill, Elizabeth. â€Å"Big Dairy Enters The Era of Big Data. † Bloomberg Businesslike 22October 2012: 41-42 print. Discussion. Digital Nation By alleviators 1) In today's technological immersion environment, do you think the good side of it Technological environment is very powerful and complicated to people. The reason is that some people think digital life giv es positive and good affections, but Digital nations customize each consumer because many business people try to data that is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial information to humans' life.

Database Applications Used in Our Organization Essay

Our company has really advanced in terms of database management. Initially, they were using Microsoft Access database application soft but recently they introduced Oracle database application. This change has been brought about by the economic growth in the country which has in turn seen our organization grow significantly. Microsoft Access database application is the commonest database application that is used by majority of the firms especially the small one. One of the benefits of using this database is that it is relatively compatible with Structure query language (SQL). Most organizations have made use of the software for one is that it’s in expensive to maintain and secondly it’s because most employees are family with its application. Our company has not been an exception; we have over the years been using the software to store all our data in it and were able to retrieve the information without difficultness. The database application software is very useful in out organization as we have eliminated the use of papers in our office. This has also increase the efficiency of activities within and outside the organization. This has ensured that tasks are accomplished faster within the organization and this ensures that organizational goals and objectives are achieved in the long run. Previous, the use of paper work in the organization would lead to some processed being delayed and this in turn to delay to completion of a deal that would have benefited the organization financially. For this case, elimination of the paper work has seen deals being completed faster and the company gains financially. Recently, the management saw the need of introducing advanced database application software that would be able to accommodate the huge data the need to be store within our system. Due to this reason, they proposed to introduce Oracle database application software in the organization although the Microsoft Access database application software is still in use. The reason of using both is to ensure that all employees familiarize with the new system before implementing the Oracle database application fully in the organization. Another reason of maintaining both systems in the organization is because it would take time for the organization to transfer the entire data store in the Microsoft Access to the Oracle system. There is still room for improvement as far as database management is concerned in our organization to ensure that our services are delivery even faster so that we can increase our sale and achieve our organizational goals and objectives. For this case, the organization needs to ensure that all employees familiarize themselves with the Oracle database application software so that we can get rid of Microsoft Access. It is always wise for an organization to advance with technology since many large organization are no longer using the Microsoft Access and incase they interact, they might be a problem due to compatibility of information. There is also a need for the organization to introduce DB2 database application software which is also cost effective database application software. Organizations especially large one like ours should ensure they get rid of paper work which slows processes within the organization. They should adopt database application software that is cost effective in term of number of employees to be employed to handle and maintain company’s data and speed of processing information within the organization.

Porter Five Forces essays

Porter Five Forces essays In the mid 1990s, Cisco Systems was the dominant player in the US router market and its leadership was undisputed . However, this position was altered with the entry of several new competitors into the high performance segment of this market. In particular, Juniper emerged as a serious threat to Cisco by the year 2000. The backdrop to the emergence of these new competitors was the rapid expansion of the internet and a corresponding escalation in demand for high performance routers. The new entrants had concluded that a high performance segment within the IP router market would emerge with Cisco or without it. This paper examines the usefulness of Porters Five Forces approach in understanding the new entrants into the router market in the late 1990s, and concludes that the approach is useful in identifying that the industry was attractive to new entrants, but does not clearly explain the dynamics that supported the new entrants into the market. Porters Five Forces (Router Market) New entrants faced large capital requirements for product development as router technology was complex and took time to develop. However, this capital was being readily supplied to new entrants by venture capitalists and, in Junipers case, technology heavyweights. Cisco had a strong brand recognition and reputation (Nobody ever got fired for buying from Cisco) . It also had the cost advantages associated with market experience (Cisco dominates the market, because if youre not participating in the internet you dont get the lessons in seeing how the software needs to evolve) . In addition, a new entrant was faced with building economies of scale to cover high start up costs. However, there was scope to overcome these disadvantages by focussing on product performance and reliability (as Juniper did). Further, there is n ...

What You Should Know About Electronics

What You Should Know About Electronics Electronics is the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and the operation of electronic devices. How Is Electronics Different From Electricity? Many devices, from toasters to vacuum cleaners, use electricity as an energy source. These electrical devices transform the electrical current they receive through your wall socket and transform it into another form of energy. Your toaster, for example, transforms electricity into heat. Your lamp transforms electricity into light. Your vacuum cleaner transforms electrical energy into motion that drives the vacuums motor. Electronic devices, however, do more. Instead of transforming electrical energy into heat, light, or motion, they actually manipulate the electrical current itself. In this way, electronic devices can add meaningful information to the current itself. Thus, an electric current can be manipulated to carry sound, video, or data. Most devices are both electrical and electronic. For example, your brand new toaster may transform electricity into heat and also manipulate the current using a thermostat that maintains a specific temperature. Similarly, your cell phone needs a battery to provide electrical energy, but it also manipulates electricity to transmit sound and pictures. History of Electronics While we think of electronics as a modern field, it has actually been around for well over 100 years. In fact, the first manipulation of electrical currents for practical purposes began in 1873 (with Thomas Edison). The first major breakthrough in electronics occurred in 1904, with the invention of the vacuum tube (also called the thermionic valve). Vacuum tubes made possible the invention of TV, radio, radar, telephones, amplifiers, and even microwave ovens. In fact, they were used throughout most of the 20th century and are even in use in some places today. Then, in 1955, IBM introduced a calculator that used transistor circuits without vacuum tubes. It contained no fewer than 3,000 individual transistors. Digital technology (in which information is shared using a combination of 0s and 1s) became easier to design with the use of transistors. Miniaturization has led to a revolution in digital technology. Today, we think of electronics as relating to high tech fields such as computer design, information technology, and design of electronic devices. The reality, however, is that electricity and electronics are still very closely allied. As a result, even auto mechanics must have a good understanding of both fields. Preparing for a Career in Electronics The field of electronics is vast, and electronic engineers generally make a very good living. If you are planning to go to college, you may choose to major in electronic engineering, or you may choose a university where you can specialize in a particular field such as aerospace, telecommunications, or manufacturing. In any case, you will be learning about the physics and practical uses of electricity and electromagnetism. If you are not going the college route, you have several good options in the field of electronics. Electricians, for example, are often trained through apprenticeship programs; todays electricians must also be up to date with electronics, as most projects require a working knowledge of both. Other options include electronic sales, manufacturing, and technician jobs.

Violence in the Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Violence in the Nursing Profession - Essay Example It has been noted that nurses are easily exposed to violence in certain scenarios in the course of dispensing their duties, thereby increasing their vulnerability (Carter, 2000). The healthcare sector is faced with many challenges including limited budgets, low work motivation, low pay and understaffing. These challenges on their own create tension in the work environment and in most cases; nurses bear the brute of the frustration. Violence is in many forms including physical, psychological, sexual harassment, isolation and intimidation. The patriarchal medical model has contributed a great deal to this vice as nurses are seen as doctor’s handmaidens (O’Connell et al 2000).In this sense, doctors may form a condescending and intimidating attitude toward nurses whereby they feel their qualification and status is superior to those of nurses. Nurses also face violence from hospital visitors and patients, some of who express their grief, frustrations and misgivings to the nurses, who tend to be more available than doctors. Horizontal violence is also rampant, where nurses themselves administer violence on each. Studies show that nursing students during their clinical assignment in their courses are the most vulnerable to violence (Randle 2003). CASE STUDY 1 SUMMARY The first case study will look into the article dubbed â€Å"Aggression in the Workplace: A study of Horizontal Violence Utilizing Heideggerian Hermeneutic Phenomenology.† The article sought to ascertain the existence and rampant widespread of horizontal violence amongst nurses in healthcare institutions. One or more group members towards another member or section of the larger group (Duffy 1995) define horizontal violence as hostile or aggressive behavior. Studies show that the prevalence is high but majority of the cases go unreported due to fear of stigmatization and/or retribution (Farrel 1997).This case study also seeks to identify the impact of horizontal violence on the victims’ work performance and relationships with others. Study Design The Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was the chosen method of research in this article. This qualitative approach by Heidegger, a German philosopher, proposes that all knowledge comes from people in t he world and the attempt to understand other people in the world. It thus means that we are always within the hermeneutic circle of Interpretation (Leonard 1989).With this design the researcher has a preliminary understanding of horizontal violence (Leonard 1989) and will be able to add personal experience and understanding to the research (Walter 1995). Sampling Strategies and Data collection In compiling information for this article, the use of questionnaires was employed. The sample size comprised of two registered nurses who had consensual agreed to take part in the study based on their expertise in the field (Field and Morse; 1985). The sample size was relatively small but since it was a qualitative analysis, sample size depended on the accuracy of the information given by the respondents and their abilities to do so. Data collection was done using recorded audio tapes. This method was the

Mars and Google Earth Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mars and Google Earth Project - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  the   main   differences   between the two pictures are   that   the formation of   the different   features are   caused   by s different   climatic conditions. In the Mars, there are no man made properties hanker some of the features within the Mars are naturally caused. However, there are some features within the natural earth structure that are likely to influencing the formation of different structures. Laval flow is one major cause of such features within both the earth and Mars respectively. The earth is habitable and therefore life is possible on earth because of the favorable climatic factors contrary to mars.This study stresses that in both planets the mountain features under study formed as a result of volcanic activity. That is when hot molten rocks finds its way out through earths crust and cool off to form a hard rock. Subsequent activities result in more and more pile up of lava forming a mountain. In planet m ars as the mountain rise due to deposits of layers of lava, it exerts a lot of weight on the subterranean basement system at the base of the mountain. This results in some further landforms e.g. valleys etc. similarly the same phenomenon may result in fault lines leading to sinking of the earth to form a valleys of which the great rift valley of east Africa is a typical example.  Formation of volcanic mountains therefore exhibit similar formation in both planet earth and mars. In contrast Martian planet has no vegetation cover and no visible rivers, sea or oceans exist.a